Chapter 29

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. 2. chlorophylls a and b. 3. alternation of generations. 4. cell walls of cellulose. 5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin. A) 1 and 5 B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 1, 4, and 5 E) 1, 2, 4, and 5

1 and 5

What is thought to be the correct sequence of the following events during the Carboniferous period? 1. vascular plants become more prevalent 2. megaphylls with large surface areas become more prevalent 3. atmospheric CO2 levels decline by a factor of five 4. global cooling occurs, leading to widespread glaciations A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 1, 4, 3 D) 1, 2, 4, 3 E) 3, 4, 1, 2

1, 2, 3, 4

Of the following list, flagellated (swimming) sperm are generally present in which groups? 1. Lycophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Angiosperms 4. Chlorophyta 5. Pterophyta A) 1, 2, and 3 B) 1, 2, 4, and 5 C) 1, 3, 4, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 2, 4, and 5

Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners 4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1, 2, and 3 E) 1, 2, and 4

1, 2, and 3

If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in Earth's terrestrial vegetation over this period? 1. a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sporophytes 2. a trend from sporangia borne on modified leaves (sporophylls) to sporangia borne on stalks (seta) 3. a trend from no true leaves, to microphylls, to megaphylls 4. a trend from soil-surface-hugging plants to "overtopping" plants 5. a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems A) 1 and 3 B) 3, 4, and 5 C) 1, 2, 4, and 5 D) 1, 3, 4, and 5 E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

1, 3, 4, and 5

Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric CO2 levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following? 1. increase dehydration of leaf tissues 2. decrease dehydration of leaf tissues 3. counter the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis 4. reinforce the effect of declining CO2 on photosynthesis 5. decrease the O2 content of air next to the leaves to a level lower than it would otherwise be 6. increase the O2 content of air next to the leaves to a level higher than it would otherwise be A) 1, 3, and 5 B) 1, 3, and 6 C) 1, 4, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 6 E) 2, 4, and 5

1, 3, and 6

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. embryophytes 2. green plants 3. seedless vascular plants 4. ferns 5. tracheophytes A) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4 C) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 E) 2, 1, 5, 4, 3

2, 1, 5, 3, 4

A student encounters a pondweed which, judging from its appearance, seems to be a charophyte. She brings a sample back to her biology lab. Using only a compound light microscope to study the sample, which of the following features should help her to determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga? 1. molecular structure of enzymes inside peroxisomes 2. structure of sperm cells 3. presence of phragmoplasts 4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 3, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4

2, 3, and 4

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporophytes 4. sporangia A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 3, 4, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 2, 4, 1

3, 2, 4, 1

29) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes 4. gametangia A) 1, 4, 3, 2 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 4, 3, 1, 2

3, 4, 1, 2

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore A) 4 →1 → 3 → 5 → 2 B) 4 → 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 C) 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3 D) 3 → 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 E) 3 → 1 → 4 → 5 → 2

4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant. E) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? A) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage. B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia. C) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water. D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another. E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.

In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? A) Pterophyta B) Bryophyta C) horsetail (Equisetum) D) Pterophyta, Bryophyta, and horsetail (Equisetum) E) Pterophyta and Bryophyta

Bryophyta

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true? A) Fertilization would probably be more difficult. B) Spore dispersal distances would probably increase. C) Females could produce only one archegonium. D) Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" would probably flop over. E) Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.

Females could produce only one archegonium.

Researchers tested nitrogen loss from soil where the moss Polytrichum was growing, and compared it to soil from which Polytrichum had been removed. The data are presented below. Loss of soil nitrogen via "gaseous emission" was found to be negligible. Rather, most loss of soil nitrogen was due to water erosion of the soil. Which of these hypotheses is least likely to account for the observed results? A) If rhizoids had helped stabilize the soil, then less erosion and less loss of nitrogen would occur. B) If protonemata had absorbed, and stored, nitrogen from the soil, then they would have reduced loss of nitrogen by erosion. C) If the overlying mat of gametophores had slowed the entry of water into the soil, then it would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil and carry away its nitrogen. D) If sporophyte stomata had absorbed nitrogen from the soil, then they would have reduced loss of nitrogen by erosion.

If sporophyte stomata had absorbed nitrogen from the soil, then they would have reduced loss of nitrogen by erosion.

What is true about the genus Sphagnum? A) It is an economically important liverwort. B) It grows in extensive mats in grassland areas. C) It accumulates to form coal and is burned as a fuel. D) It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

It is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous? A) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants. B) It has vascular tissue. C) It has multiple sporangia. D) Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis.

Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

If researchers found that charophyte algae lack certain traits that land plants have, can we conclude that charophytes are not the closest relatives of land plants? A) No; we can hypothesize that these traits have just skipped a generation. B) No; we can hypothesize that these traits are derived traits of land plants. C) Yes; we can hypothesize that if all traits are not found in both groups, then the two groups are distantly related. D) Yes; if the traits have been lost during the course of evolution, then the two groups cannot be closely related.

No; we can hypothesize that these traits are derived traits of land plants.

In terms of evolutionary time, which phyla are the oldest and which are the most recent (respectively)? A) Phylum Hepatophyta, Phylum Anthophyta B) Phylum Ginkgophyta, Phylum Pterophyta C) Phylum Cycadophyta, Phylum Lycophyta D) Phylum Lycophyta, Phylum Bryophyta E) Phylum Gnetophyta, Phylum Anthocerophyta

Phylum Hepatophyta, Phylum Anthophyta

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? A) Viridiplantae B) Plantae C) Pterophyta D) Bryophyta E) Charophycea

Plantae

What is a key difference between spores and seeds? A) Spores are single-celled reproductive structures; seeds are multicellular embryos. B) Spores are multicellular reproductive structures; seeds are unicellular embryos. C) Spores have stored nutrients; seeds do not. D) Spores disperse far distances; seeds are larger and disperse shorter distances. E) Spores are adapted to mild climates; seeds can withstand dry and cold conditions.

Spores are single-celled reproductive structures; seeds are multicellular embryos.

Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes? A) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes. B) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes. C) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes. D) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.

Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.

What is true of charophytes? A) They are the ancestors of green algae. B) They are examples of seedless vascular plants. C) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants. D) They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of generations.

They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants.

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure? A) They use stomata for gas exchange regulation. B) They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere. C) Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface. D) They have branching veins in their leaves.

They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? A) They are the sites where male gametes are produced. B) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. C) They are the same as sporangia. D) They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads. E) They are asexual reproductive structures.

They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos.

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? A) They are all wind pollinated. B) They are heterosporous. C) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. D) They require water for reproduction.

They require water for reproduction.

Which of the following are land plants that use the same means of getting sperm to egg that algae use? A) true mosses, hornworts, and liverworts B) ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails C) all land plants D) Two of the responses above are correct.

Two of the responses above are correct.

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. B) Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period. C) They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds. D) The gametophyte is the dominant generation. E) Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example.

Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants ________. A) protects the zygote from herbivores B) evolved concurrently with pollen C) helps in dispersal of the zygote D) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? A) chlorophyll b B) cellulose in cell walls C) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis D) sexual reproduction E) alternation of multicellular generations

alternation of multicellular generations

Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) sources of water B) sperm transfer C) desiccation D) animal predation E) absorbing enough light

animal predation

Which of the following structures are in the gametophyte generation of a moss? A) buds, leaves, spores, rhizoids B) egg, sperm, zygote, sporangium C) antheridia, archegonia, egg, sperm D) foot, seta, spores, sporangium

antheridia, archegonia, egg, sperm

If you were faced with the choice of eliminating all mutualistic symbioses involving plants and other organisms (besides humans), with the goal being to preserve the most plant biomass, which of the following would you save from elimination? A) the dispersal of seeds in or on animals B) the dispersal of male gametophytes by animals C) plants harbouring nitrogen-fixing bacteria D) associations between soil fungi and roots or rhizoids

associations between soil fungi and roots or rhizoids

If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it A) belongs to a species that is homosporous. B) must be diploid. C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation. D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ. E) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.

belongs to a species that is homosporous.

The following traits provide supporting evidence that charophyceans are the closest relatives of land plants, with the exception of the fact that A) both groups have rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins. B) in both groups, a phragmoplast forms between daughter nuclei of dividing cells. C) both groups have alternation of generation. D) both groups contain peroxisome enzymes. E) the structure of flagellated sperm is similar in both groups.

both groups have alternation of generation.

In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae

charophytes

Given its composition and location, the phragmoplast should be directly involved in the A) segregation of daughter chromosomes during anaphase. B) poleward migration of centrosomes during prophase. C) synthesis of sporopollenin during G1 and G2 phases. D) construction of the cell plate during cytokinesis. E) reinforcement of the nuclear envelope during S phase.

construction of the cell plate during cytokinesis

Which of the following should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early lycophytes E) early pterophytes

early bryophytes

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant? A) alternation of generations B) sporopollenin C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) flagellated sperm E) embryos

embryos

Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? A) fern B) moss C) liverwort D) charophyte E) hornwort

fern

If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they weren't), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs? A) whisk ferns and epiphytes B) horsetails and bryophytes C) lycophytes and bryophytes D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes E) charophytes, bryophytes, and gymnosperms

ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to A) mosses. B) charophytes. C) ferns. D) gymnosperms. E) flowering plants.

ferns.

If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention? A) spores B) seta C) foot D) sporangium E) peristome

foot

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________. A) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines B) green algae C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) liverworts and mosses

green algae

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid sporophytes B) haploid gametes C) diploid gametes D) haploid spores E) diploid spores

haploid spores

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? A) increase of the aboveground stem. B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients. C) increased absorption of CO2. D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots. E) effective lateral growth of the stem.

increase of the aboveground stem.

During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of the following would have been a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it? A) increased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 B) increased numbers of stomata, to maximize ability to absorb low levels of atmospheric CO2 C) decreased numbers of stomata, to retain CO2 produced by the chloroplasts D) decreased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of low levels of atmospheric CO2

increased numbers of stomata, to maximize ability to absorb low levels of atmospheric CO2

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ________. A) contains chloroplasts B) is surrounded by a cuticle C) does not contain vascular tissue D) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose

is surrounded by a cuticle

As is true of the gametophytes of all land plants, the gametophytes of true mosses lack stomata. Yet, the feather moss Pleurozium harbors nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Which of the following is a feature of moss gametophytes that is most important for the continued survival of these cyanobacteria in the tissues of the feather moss gametophyte? A) lack of cuticle B) lack of vascular tissues C) lack of true leaves or roots D) lack of an independent sporophyte E) lack of multiple cell layers in "leaves" of "buds"

lack of multiple cell layers in "leaves" of "buds"

Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have A) lower numbers of bacteria. B) reduced rates of decomposition. C) reduced oxygen content. D) less-acidic water.

less-acidic water.

All of the following are common to both charophytes and land plants except A) sporopollenin. B) lignin. C) chlorophyll a. D) cellulose. E) chlorophyll b.

lignin

Microphylls are found in which plant group? A) mosses B) liverworts C) lycophytes D) ferns E) hornworts

lycophytes

31) Stomata ________. A) occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group B) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss C) occur in all land plants and are the same as pores D) open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange

open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes. D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? A) mosses B) liverworts C) hornworts D) pterophytes E) charophytes

pterophytes

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric CO2 levels decline is most analogous to a human A) breathing faster as atmospheric CO2 levels increase. B) putting more red blood corpuscles (RBCs) into circulation when atmospheric O2 levels decline. C) removing RBCs from circulation when atmospheric O2 levels increase. D) breathing more slowly as atmospheric O2 levels increase.

putting more red blood corpuscles (RBCs) into circulation when atmospheric O2 levels decline.

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. B) reduce dehydration. C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. D) repel toxic chemicals. E) provide nutrients to spores.

reduce dehydration.

The following are all adaptations to life on land except A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. B) cuticles. C) tracheids. D) reduced gametophyte generation. E) seeds.

rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.

Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)? A) extensive growth of gymnosperm forests B) colonization of land by early liverworts and mosses C) rise and diversification of angiosperms D) carboniferous swamps with giant horsetails and lycophytes

rise and diversification of angiosperms

Structurally, phragmoplasts should be most similar to A) the nuclear lamina. B) the myofilaments of muscle cells. C) the internal support structures of microvilli. D) the cytoskeletal elements that produce cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid motion. E) spindle fibres.

spindle fibres.

At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature A) microphylls. B) true roots. C) true leaves. D) sporangia. E) umbilical cells.

sporangia.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the alternation of generation cycle of a fern? A) gametophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic sporophyte (n) B) gametophyte-dominant (n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic sporophyte (2n) C) sporophyte-dominant (n) life cycle where 2 spores fuse to produce the zygote (2n) D) sporophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic gametophytes (n)

sporophyte-dominant (2n) life cycle where spores develop into photosynthetic gametophytes (n)

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to A) lignin. B) cellulose. C) secondary compounds. D) sporopollenin.

sporopollenin

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? A) cuticle B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes C) stomata D) peroxisomes E) phenolics

stomata

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? A) a dominant gametophyte B) photosystem II C) a chitinous cuticle D) stomata on leaves E) an unbranched sporophyte

stomata on leaves

You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stemlike structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaflike structures. Which of the following would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss or a club moss? A) its colour B) its height C) if seeds are present D) if conducting tissues are present E) the appearance of its spore-producing structures

the appearance of its spore-producing structures

When discovered in peatlands, "bog bodies" tend to be well preserved. The best explanation is that A) peat moss is a soil conditioner and pads the bodies so they do not break apart. B) the low temperature, pH, and oxygen level of peatlands slow down/inhibit the decomposition process. C) peat moss is made up of partially decayed organic matter and animal and plant bodies are organic. D) the nitrogen fixing bacteria found in peat moss helps preserve the moss and other organisms.

the low temperature, pH, and oxygen level of peatlands slow down/inhibit the decomposition process.

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? A) similar sperm structure B) the presence of chloroplasts C) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division D) genetic similarities in chloroplasts E) similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose

the presence of chloroplasts

Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds most beneficial? A) the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period C) the association of the roots of land plants with fungi D) the rise of herbivory E) the rise of wind pollination

the rise of herbivory

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A) waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B) loss of structures that produce spores C) sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves D) remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant? A) whether or not it has true leaves B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls C) whether or not it has seeds D) its height E) whether or not it has chlorophyll a

whether it has microphylls or megaphylls