Chapter 29 Reading Quiz

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) that espoused nonviolent direct action. In 1961 CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Created by some of the students who did the sit in in Greensboro. They wanted to keep the spirit of resistance alive.

De jure v. de facto discrimination

De jure discrimination: segregating by law de facto discrimination: segregation in practice, as through residential patterns

Freedom Summer

During the summer of 1964 thousands of civil rights workers spread throughout the South (mostly in Mississippi) to work on behalf of black voter registration. The campaign produced a violent response from Southern whites.

"Freedom Rides"

Freedom riders traveled by bus throughout the South and tried to force the desegregatation of bus stations. In some places, they were met with such extreme violence, that the president dispatched federal marshals to keep peace.

Governor George Wallace

He pledged to stand in the doorway of a building at the University of Alabama to prevent the court-ordered enrollment of black students. Only after the arrival of federals marshalls did Wallace give way.

Greensboro Sit-ins

In 1960, black college students in Greensboro North Carolina staged a sit in at a segregated lunch counter. This tactic spread throughout the South which forced many of these counters to integrate their facilities.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Local Baptist Preacher who was a powerful orator and gifted leader. Bus boycott led this man to the national spotlight and he became the head of the civil rights movement. He used a nonviolent approach to aggression based on Gandhi and Thoreau.

Birmingham

MLK helped launch a series of nonviolent demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama. This city was notorious for its strict segregation policies.Police commisioner Eugene Connor supervised a burtal effort to break up the peaceful marches and arested hundreds of demonstrators.

Passive resistance

Peaceful approach to aggression- practiced by MLK, Gandhi, Thoreau

Rosa Parks

Refused to give her seat up in a bus

"White citizens' councils"

Southerners joined these to halt desegregation.

"Massive resistance"

Southerners reacted to desegregation with this. They worked through local governments and organizations to obstruct desegregation. Produced delays. can't come up with court ruling and expect it to immediately be integrated, closed schools in the south, used taxpayer dollars to send white students to independent academies (take white students out of public schools and use money to find public schools to send students to independent schools)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Started with the arrest of Rosa Parks, a black woman who would not move her seat in the bus. The yearlong boycott ended in the Supreme Court decision that segregation in public transportation was illegal.

"With all deliberate speed"

The Brown decision declared the system of legal segregation unconstitutional. But the Court ordered only that the states end segregation with "all deliberate speed." This vagueness about how to enforce the ruling gave segregationists the opportunity to organize resistance.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference. They created citizen education programs to help mobilize black workers, farmers, housewives, and others to challenge segregation and discrimination. It was created after the bus boycott.

Voting Rights Act

There was an event in Alabama that pushed Lyndon Johnson to propose and win passage of the Civil rights act of 1965. it provided federal protection to blacks attempting to exercise their right to vote.

March on Washington

To generate support for the legislation to prohibit segregation in public accommodations, 200,000 demonstrators marched down the Mall in Washington DC in 1963 and gathered before the Lincoln memorial

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka 1954

Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown admittance to an all white school close to her house. Thurgood Marshall argued that a separate but equal violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Warren decided separate educational facilities were inherently unequal.

Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896

the court case in which the Supreme Court validated the South's segregationist social order; ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause in the Fourteenth Amendment; in reality the quality of African American life was grotesquely unequal to that of whites

Malcolm X

the most celebrated of the black Muslims was Malcolm Little. He was a former drug addict and pimp, he rebuilt his life after joining the movement. He adopted the name, Malcolm X.

Black power

the philosophy of black power suggested a move away from interracial cooperation and toward increased awareness of racial distinctiveness. it wanted to instill racial pride in African Americans. It helped stimulate importnat black literary and artisitc movements.

James Meredith

the student that the court ordered to be enrolled at the university of mississippi. he was the first black student at the university.