CHAPTER 3 ASSESSMENT
WHAT IS A TASK ANALYSIS
A. BREAKING A COMPLEX SKILL OR SERIES OF BEHAVIORS INTO SMALLER TEACHABLE UNITS AND BREAKING A TASK DOWN INTO ITS COMPONENT PARTS (LINKS) IN ORDER TO CREATE A SEQUENCE OF RELATED SKILLS FOR INSTRUCTION== WHAT YOU DO WHEN YOU WANT TO KNOW THE INDIVIDUAL TASKS THAT ARE IN THE BEHAVIOR CHAIN. SO WHEN WE WANT TO TEACH A COMPLEX BEHAVIOR WE WANT TO BREAK IT DOWN INTO LITTLE PIECES AND THEN YOU END UP WITH THE BEHAVIOR WHICH WAS GOAL.
an example of an operant conditioning
after having dinner you remove the plates from the table and washing the dishing. afterwards your mom gives you a great big hug thanking your for helping her. in this situation your mother's response is positive reinforcement because it will make you more likely to repeat it which is to clear the table and wash the dishes
CLASSICAL RESPONSE EXAMPLE IN HUMANS
One day you go to the doctor to get a shot. the doctor says not to worry it will not hurt. but it actually did hurt. a few weeks later you go to the dentist for a check and he goes to put a mirror in your mouth and says do not worry it will not hurt. even though you know the mirror will not hurt you jump from the chair and run away. the words this will not hurt became a conditioned stimulus when it was paired with the pain of the shot the unconditioned stimulus which was followed by your conditioned response to get out of there.
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; what is a baseline
baseline is the current level that a target behavior occurs prior to intervention
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; which variable is the one you are trying to change on a student when working on an assessment
dependent
examples of positive reinforcement
getting dessert after a kiddo finishes his veggies.
dog's naturally salivate to food. Is food is an unconditioned stimulus (U.S.) or is it a unconditioned response?
it is an unconditioned stimulus.
example of a negative reinforcement
like getting a night with no homework because you did well in an exam
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; CRITERION REFERENCED ASSESSMENTS = A SCORE ON AN ASSESSMENT THAT SPECIFICALLY INDICATES WHAT A STUDENT IS CAPABLE OF OR WHAT KNOWLEDGE THEY POSSESS
TRUE
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; FUNCTIONS OF BEHAVIOR: ESCAPE , ATTENTION, TANGIBLE, SENSORY
TRUE
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ;ABLLS-R AND AFLS ARE CURRICULUM BASED ASSESSMENTS
TRUE
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; terms to know: independent variable (your treatment) the particular aspect of the environment that the experimenter manipulates to find out whether it affects the subjects behavior. dependent variable Dependent behavior Variable... the measure of the subjects behavior...THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE ONE YOU ARE TRYING TO CHANGE.
TWO TERMS FOR ASSISTING WITH INDIVIDUALIZED ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE ARE : INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF CONDITIONING?
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
PAVLOV'S LAW IS WHAT TYPE OF CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. every time that dog hears a bell he expects food. just hearing the bell made the dog salivate. the salivation is an UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE. the bell becomes a CONDITIONED STIMULUS and the food became an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS.
DEFINE TOTAL TASK PRESENTATION
UNLIKE TASK ANALYSIS WHICH IS BREAKING DOWN ALL TASKS OF ONE BEHAVIOR INTO SMALL PIECES AND HELPING THE LEARNER, TOTAL TASK CHAINING/PRESENTATION IS MORE LIKE YOU GIVE A LEARNER THE TOTAL LIST OF ALL HE/SHE NEEDS TO DO AND AT THE END IS THE REINSFORCER. SO THE LEARNER WILL DO ALL THESE STEPS INDEPENDENTLY
the dog is now presented over and over again the sound of a bell every time he is fed. the sound of the bell is a neutral stimulus because dogs dont naturally salivate to that. Pavlov presented both the food and the bell over and over and over again. afterwards he would just ring the bell and the dogs salivated to the sound of the bell alone. is this classical conditioning or operant conditioning
the answer is classical conditioning
VERY IMPORTANT:: REINFORCEMENT OR PUNISHMENT CAN BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE AND IT DOES NOT MEAN GOOD OR BAD === DO NOT THINK OF IT IN THE NORMAL WAY.. THINK BEHAVIOR SCIENTIFIC true or false
true
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; CRITERION-REFERENCED SCORES ARE BASED ON TEST PERCENTAGES ANSWERED CORRECTLY --- GOAL IS TO MEASURE THE SKILLS A STUDENT HAS MASTERED
true
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; MSWO - MULTIPLE STIMULI WITHOUT REPLACEMENT its a preference which indicates how much a kiddo likes one thing in relation to another true or false
true
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ; current skill level... first steps in getting an ABA program started. DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT: referred to as NORM-REFERENCE ASSESSMENTS= this provides info about how a child is developing in all areas compared to peers his or own age. CRITERION-REFERENCE ASSESSMENTS: this provides info about the skills your subject is able to perform as well as what skills your child should learn next true or false
true
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ;CDI (child developmental inventories) - Vineland adaptive behavior scales - GARS (gilliam autism rating scale - are all developmental assessments true or false
true
assisting with individualized assessment procedure ;why use a curriculum based assessment. to identify those language and other critical skills that are in need of intervention.
true
classical conditioning remember it is that happens when 2 stimuli are paired together REPEATEDLY. First the first stimulus evokes a natural response by the subject (kiddo). while the 2nd does not. but after enough pairings together the 2nd becomes conditioned and causes the response to happened. true or false
true
negative reinforcement means the removal of a stimulus true or false
true
positive reinforcement means an addition of a stimulus true or false
true
punishment will make it less likely that you will do something again true or false
true
reinforcers make it more likely that you will do something again true or false
true
so remember that dog's naturally salivate to food. But before the dogs are even presented with the food they begin drooling due to any stimulus. the bowl. the owner's footsteps. the dog's drooling to the food is an unconditioned response. true or false
true
classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are paired together REPEATEDLY true of false
true -
WHAT IS A VARIABLE
A VARIABLE IS SOMETHING THAT IS ALWAYS ABLE TO CHANGE
OPERANT CONDITIONING
EXPLAINS HOW CONSEQUENCES LEAD TO CHANGES IN VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS CONTROLLED BY THE EXPERIMENTER. HE DECIDES WHAT GOES INTO THE EXPERIMENT. VARIABLE STANDS ALONE, ITS THE X ON THE AXIS GRAPH. ALSO CALLED THE INPUT
TRUE
A CORRELATION IS HOW TWO VARIABLES RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE = DEPENDS= ALSO CALLED OUTPUT = DEPENDENT IS THE Y ON A GRAPH IT IS THE RESULTS TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
how does operant conditioning work. there are two main components in operant conditioning. Name them
reinforcement and punishment