Chapter 3

What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care?

As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.

Charles Horton Cooley

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.

Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior?

Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in a "good" orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an institution for mentally retarded women?

The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 58 points higher than those raised by trained professionals.

Although formal education is intended to transmit knowledge and skills, it unintentionally teaches students that the same rules apply to everyone. This universality reflects what sociologists describe as ________.

a latent function

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to conflict theorists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing lessons in patriotism and democracy. These lessons would be referred to by conflict theorists as ________.

a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools

Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29, is ________.

adultolescence

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which the child has no sense of right or wrong and only personal needs to be satisfied is the ________ stage.

amoral

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.

gender socialization

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages - the ________ stage, ________stage, and ________ stage.

imitation; play; team games

What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?

intimate social contact

Tory is 5 years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage.

play

Morris is 3 years old and is just beginning to talk. He can count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, Morris is in the ________ stage.

preoperational

The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ________.

psychoanalysis

What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?

socialization

Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the family car without permission last night, returning home at 3 AM with the smell of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely, based on the research of Kohn, that the next day Frank's parents will ________.

suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?

the ability to take the role of another

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.

the social environment

John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________.

total institution