Chapter 3 Bio Chemistry

Carboxyl group (COOH)

(dcb) O R- C (scb) OH

Amino group

(scb) H R- N (scb) H

Phosphate group

(scb) O R- O-P-OH (scb) OH

Carbohydrates ratio

1:2:1

Monosaccharide examples

C₆H₁₂O₆ - glucose, fructose, and galactose

by adding H₂O

How are disaccharides and polysaccharides broken down into simple sugars or monomers?

same chemical formula, different structural formula

How can glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula and be different molecules?

there are less oxygen atoms in lipids than in carbohydrates

How do you tell the difference between carbohydrates and lipids if they are made up of the same atoms?

Hydroxyl group

R- OH

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are four major types of organic compounds?

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate

What are the functional groups of organic compounds?

Cohesion and Adhesion

What are the properties of water?

like to bond with other carbon atoms and form chains, make four bonds at once, and form rings and branches

What do carbon atoms like to do?

complex and large

What do organic compounds look like?

always contains carbon, usually contains hydrogen, and may contain oxygen and nitrogen

What makes something organic?

phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

What makes up a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate group, sugar (ribose), nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine)

What makes up an RNA nucleotide?

cellulose (indigestive fiber in plants), chitin (hard shell on insects), peptidoglycan (gives support to cell walls in bacteria)

What structural molecules are polysaccharides used for?

large amounts of energy, all living organisms use glucose for energy, used for cellular structural support in an organism

Why are sugars so important?

Glycosidic bond

a bond that holds monosaccharides together when forming a disaccharide/polysaccharide

Organic Compound

a compound that contains the element carbon; most occur naturally only in living organisms or in their byproducts; most have covalent bonds and form non polar molecules

Inorganic

a compound that doesn't contain carbon (exceptions- CO₂Carbon Dioxide, CaCO₃ Calcium Carbonate)

Polyunsaturated fat

a fat that has fatty acid chains with more than one double or triple bond

Saturated fat

a fat that is formed from fatty acids that have single to single carbon bonds, mostly from animals, solid at room temperature

Dehydration synthesis

a process that bonds smaller molecules (monomers) together by removing H₂O; forms larger molecules claled macromolecules or polymers

Pyrimidine

a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (the nitrogen atoms tend to take up H⁺ from a solution, which explains the tern nitrogenous BASE) exs: cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Catalyst

a substance that brings about a reaction without being changed itself

Water

adhesive to many substances; allows water to dissolve many substances; known as the "universal solvent"

Carbohydrates

an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Lipid

an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Hydrophobic

any substance that does not have an affinity for water or it is "repelled" by water

Hydrophilic

any substnce that has an affinity or is "attracted" to a water molecule

Saturated fat examples

butter and lard

Fatty acid

chain of carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are bonded, a carboxyl group is present

Primary structure of proteins

chains

organic cofactor

coenzyme

Secondary structure of proteins

coil or a pleat (ex: silk protein of a spider's web)

Examples of lipids

fats, oils, and waxes

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell; responsible for protein synthesis (making protein); only one chain of bases

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

found in the nucleus of the cell and it is the hereditary information that is passed from parent to offspring; looks like a long chain of repeating units called nucleotides and the two chains twist together to form a double helix

Isomer examples

glucose, fructose, galactose

Unsaturated fat

has one pair of carbon atoms that is joined by a double bond/triple bond of the fatty acid that makes up the fat, from plants and animals, liquid at room temperature

Denaturation

if the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its shape and it causes the protein to be biologically inactive

Purine

larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring exs: adenine and guanine

Disaccharide example

maltose

cofactors

many enzymes require nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity (ex: zinc, iron, copper)

Polysaccharide

many simple sugars bonded together through dehydration synthesis to create a chain of repeating subunits

Non-polar molecule

molecule that does not have a charge

Quaternary structure of proteins

multiple tertiary polypeptide chains together to form one functioning protein (ex: collagen in the human body)

Polar molecule

one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end

Complimentary bases

only adenine and thymine pair up with one another and only guanine and cytosine pair up with one another

Nucleic acids

organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and nitrogen

Isomer

organic molecules that have the same chemical (molecular) formula but a different structural formula (or arrangement of atoms

Lipids function

part of cells structure and serve as reserve energy supply, insulation, and act as a protective coating

Enzymes

protein substances that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells and they speed up chemical reactions

Examples of energy storage polysaccharides

starch (plants store glucose as starch) and glycogen (animlals store glucose as glycogen in the liver; insulin helps to convert glucose that we eat into glycogen to store in the liver for later use)

Adhesion

the attraction between the molecules of one substance and the molecules of another substance

Peptide bond

the bond between two amino acids; bonded together by dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis

the breaking up of macromolecules into smaller subunits by adding water ; the reversal of dehydration synthesis

Amino acids

the building blocks of proteins; consists of a central carbon atom and 1 carboxyl group (COOH), 1 amino group (NH₂), 1 hydrogen atom, 1 side chain (R)

Tertiary structure of proteins

the coil coils up on itself (ex: antibodies/enzymes)

Cohesion

the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance

Disaccharide

the molecule formed by joining two simple sugars (monosaccharides) by dehydration synthesis

Monosaccharide

the simplest carbohydrate, "simple sugar," *the building blocks of carbohydrates*

Substrate

the substance an enzyme acts upon

Proteins

very large complex compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; some contain sulfur and phosphorous as well