Chapter 3 Bio Chemistry
Carboxyl group (COOH)
(dcb) O R- C (scb) OH
Amino group
(scb) H R- N (scb) H
Phosphate group
(scb) O R- O-P-OH (scb) OH
Carbohydrates ratio
1:2:1
Monosaccharide examples
C₆H₁₂O₆ - glucose, fructose, and galactose
by adding H₂O
How are disaccharides and polysaccharides broken down into simple sugars or monomers?
same chemical formula, different structural formula
How can glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula and be different molecules?
there are less oxygen atoms in lipids than in carbohydrates
How do you tell the difference between carbohydrates and lipids if they are made up of the same atoms?
Hydroxyl group
R- OH
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are four major types of organic compounds?
hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate
What are the functional groups of organic compounds?
Cohesion and Adhesion
What are the properties of water?
like to bond with other carbon atoms and form chains, make four bonds at once, and form rings and branches
What do carbon atoms like to do?
complex and large
What do organic compounds look like?
always contains carbon, usually contains hydrogen, and may contain oxygen and nitrogen
What makes something organic?
phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
What makes up a DNA nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar (ribose), nitrogenous bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine)
What makes up an RNA nucleotide?
cellulose (indigestive fiber in plants), chitin (hard shell on insects), peptidoglycan (gives support to cell walls in bacteria)
What structural molecules are polysaccharides used for?
large amounts of energy, all living organisms use glucose for energy, used for cellular structural support in an organism
Why are sugars so important?
Glycosidic bond
a bond that holds monosaccharides together when forming a disaccharide/polysaccharide
Organic Compound
a compound that contains the element carbon; most occur naturally only in living organisms or in their byproducts; most have covalent bonds and form non polar molecules
Inorganic
a compound that doesn't contain carbon (exceptions- CO₂Carbon Dioxide, CaCO₃ Calcium Carbonate)
Polyunsaturated fat
a fat that has fatty acid chains with more than one double or triple bond
Saturated fat
a fat that is formed from fatty acids that have single to single carbon bonds, mostly from animals, solid at room temperature
Dehydration synthesis
a process that bonds smaller molecules (monomers) together by removing H₂O; forms larger molecules claled macromolecules or polymers
Pyrimidine
a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (the nitrogen atoms tend to take up H⁺ from a solution, which explains the tern nitrogenous BASE) exs: cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Catalyst
a substance that brings about a reaction without being changed itself
Water
adhesive to many substances; allows water to dissolve many substances; known as the "universal solvent"
Carbohydrates
an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipid
an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Hydrophobic
any substance that does not have an affinity for water or it is "repelled" by water
Hydrophilic
any substnce that has an affinity or is "attracted" to a water molecule
Saturated fat examples
butter and lard
Fatty acid
chain of carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are bonded, a carboxyl group is present
Primary structure of proteins
chains
organic cofactor
coenzyme
Secondary structure of proteins
coil or a pleat (ex: silk protein of a spider's web)
Examples of lipids
fats, oils, and waxes
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell; responsible for protein synthesis (making protein); only one chain of bases
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
found in the nucleus of the cell and it is the hereditary information that is passed from parent to offspring; looks like a long chain of repeating units called nucleotides and the two chains twist together to form a double helix
Isomer examples
glucose, fructose, galactose
Unsaturated fat
has one pair of carbon atoms that is joined by a double bond/triple bond of the fatty acid that makes up the fat, from plants and animals, liquid at room temperature
Denaturation
if the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its shape and it causes the protein to be biologically inactive
Purine
larger with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring exs: adenine and guanine
Disaccharide example
maltose
cofactors
many enzymes require nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity (ex: zinc, iron, copper)
Polysaccharide
many simple sugars bonded together through dehydration synthesis to create a chain of repeating subunits
Non-polar molecule
molecule that does not have a charge
Quaternary structure of proteins
multiple tertiary polypeptide chains together to form one functioning protein (ex: collagen in the human body)
Polar molecule
one end of the molecule is more negatively charged than the other end
Complimentary bases
only adenine and thymine pair up with one another and only guanine and cytosine pair up with one another
Nucleic acids
organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and nitrogen
Isomer
organic molecules that have the same chemical (molecular) formula but a different structural formula (or arrangement of atoms
Lipids function
part of cells structure and serve as reserve energy supply, insulation, and act as a protective coating
Enzymes
protein substances that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells and they speed up chemical reactions
Examples of energy storage polysaccharides
starch (plants store glucose as starch) and glycogen (animlals store glucose as glycogen in the liver; insulin helps to convert glucose that we eat into glycogen to store in the liver for later use)
Adhesion
the attraction between the molecules of one substance and the molecules of another substance
Peptide bond
the bond between two amino acids; bonded together by dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
the breaking up of macromolecules into smaller subunits by adding water ; the reversal of dehydration synthesis
Amino acids
the building blocks of proteins; consists of a central carbon atom and 1 carboxyl group (COOH), 1 amino group (NH₂), 1 hydrogen atom, 1 side chain (R)
Tertiary structure of proteins
the coil coils up on itself (ex: antibodies/enzymes)
Cohesion
the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance
Disaccharide
the molecule formed by joining two simple sugars (monosaccharides) by dehydration synthesis
Monosaccharide
the simplest carbohydrate, "simple sugar," *the building blocks of carbohydrates*
Substrate
the substance an enzyme acts upon
Proteins
very large complex compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; some contain sulfur and phosphorous as well