Consumer Behavior Exam 1
The youth market is widely affected by technology as demonstrated by the fact that _____ of teens use two or more electronic devices.
about 65%
The _____ dichotomy is a set of self-oriented cultural values that determines whether a culture values physical accomplishments or nonphysical achievements.
active/passive
When does a firm select its target market for a product?
after describing each group of customers with similar need sets
The five women in Heather's book club were all born in the early 1960s and grew up in the same social and political environment. These women are an example of a(n)
age cohort.
In the context of using symbols in advertisements, even though cultural differences in symbols are frequently observed, there
are still many symbols that work well across a variety of cultures.
Historically in the United States, automobile purchase decisions were made by males alone. What percentage of women today influence vehicle purchase decisions?
around 80 percent
Gender roles are ______ roles.
ascribed
How have cities in the United States attempted to tackle the problem of urban blight?
by attracting high-end developers and retailers to revitalize their neighborhoods
Everything a consumer must surrender to obtain the benefits of possessing or using a product is known as
consumer cost.
The gay and lesbian communities are increasingly being accepted by the Americans. They are also being recognized as an important target group for marketers because of the increasing value that Americans are placing on
diversity.
Economically developed societies are often called
consumption societies.
People who work in fields like science, health care, architecture, and engineering are referred to by one expert as the _______ and they are the driving force for change in the United States.
creative class
The complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society is known as
culture
Native Americans have been taking increasing pride in their heritage in recent years, and they are becoming less tolerant of
incorrect stereotypes of their historical and current status.
The _____ dichotomy is a set of other-oriented cultural values that describes whether a culture values individual initiative or group conformity.
individual/collective
social marketing
is done to enhance the welfare of individuals or society, but does not directly benefit a firm
Green marketing and marketing to gay and lesbian customers are examples of marketing that
is responding to evolving American values.
The most fundamental outcome of a company's marketing strategy is
its product position.
cause marketing
marketing an issue with the goal of improving sales or corporate image while providing benefits to the cause
What message should be delivered to a target audience, the desired effect, and how to deliver it are part of a(n)
marketing communications strategy.
In comparison to whites, African Americans make greater use of
mass media.
A consequence of a class to mass strategy employed by a company is that it
may require trade-offs on the part of a consumer.
In the process of market segmentation, marketers need to identify product-related need sets because
most products in developed economies fulfill more than one need.
The availability of high quality _____ brands is important to Hispanic consumers in the United States.
national
A culture that emphasizes the self-oriented cultural value of _____ is less likely to take an action-oriented approach when tackling issues.
passiveness
What are the two types of time perspectives across cultures?
polychronic monochronic
The degree to which people accept inequality in power, authority, status, and wealth as natural or inherent in society is known as
power distance.
An image of a product or brand in a consumer's mind in comparison to its competitors is known as
product position.
A significant part of the American value system is derived from the largely ______ beliefs of early settlers.
protestant
In the context of cultural variations in nonverbal communications, the cultural meaning of objects or things results in
purchase patterns that would otherwise be unpredictable.
In contrast to collectivistic consumers, highly individualistic consumers are more likely to
react negatively to unsatisfactory purchases.
Which application of consumer behavior serves to protect consumers?
regulatory policy
In a secular society, the educational system, government, and political processes are not controlled by
religious groups
The population growth in the United States is expected to _____ over the next few decades.
remain steady
The term that denotes whether a person is biologically a male or a female is
sex
A religion in the United States that is followed by 2% of American adults and is unique as it has historically been an inseparable combination of religious and ethnic identity is
Judaism
modern
The husband and wife share financial, parental, and domestic responsibilities.
traditional
The husband handles financial responsibilities, whereas the wife handles domestic and parental responsibilities.
In terms of market segments, what was the result of a study of 3,400 African Americans between 13 and 74 years of age?
The study found that among this group, 11 distinct segments could be identified.
A person's position in society relative to others and based on one or more dimensions valued by society is known as
societal rank.
traditional housewife
stays at home and obtains satisfaction and meaning from household and family maintenance
A(n) _____ refers to a segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing values and patterns of behavior that are based on the segment's social history as well as its present situation.
subculture
The success of a firm's marketing strategy depends on its marketing mix being consistent with the value ___ of its target market.
system
A(n)_____ _____ is a segment of a larger market on which a firm focuses its marketing strategies and tactics.
target market
Which market analysis component includes consideration of the state of the economy, the physical environment, government regulations, and technological developments?
the conditions
Which of the following is a major determinant of the state of a country's economy?
the cumulative impact of its citizens' consumption decisions
The value of individualism is illustrated in which purchase behavior?
the desire to customize cars, trucks and motorcycles
Customer value can be defined as
the difference between the benefits derived from a total product and the costs of acquiring those benefits.
What makes gift giving across cultures a difficult task?
the dissimilar values that cultures denote to objects
In the context of relationships as a cultural variation in nonverbal communication, one of the main features of guanxi includes
the idea of a reciprocal relationship continuing indefinitely.
Consumers aged 55 and over in the United States are collectively known as ______ in marketing.
the mature market
It is necessary to describe groups of customers with similar need sets in terms of demographics, lifestyle, and media usage during the process of market segmentation because
the methods used to reach each group differs.
According to the Coleman—Rainwater system of classifying the American population, which group has the highest proportion of people in the United States?
the middle class
One of the features of subcultures is that
their members generally share beliefs and behaviors with the core culture.
What are four variables that influence nonverbal communications?
time relationships symbols etiquette
Why are demographics frequently used by marketers?
to segment and describe their markets
Characteristics of the American ______ class include lack of education, marginal housing in unsafe neighborhoods, and high levels of injurious consumption.
upper-lower
The American social class that is composed of poorly educated individuals with very low incomes who work as unskilled laborers, mostly in minimum-wage jobs, is the ______ class.
upper-lower
Aristocratic families that form the social elite in the United States belong to the _____ class.
upper-upper
Beliefs that are widely held in a society and that are associated with desirable behavior are called cultural
values
The term " " refers to the efforts of consumers to reduce their dependence on consumption and material possessions, particularly American consumers, in light of the recent recession. (Enter one word in each blank.)
voluntary simplicity
What is the term used for consumers' efforts to reduce their reliance on consumption and material possessions?
voluntary simplicity
career working woman
works and obtains satisfaction and meaning from it but doesn't enjoy household maintenance
The biggest single influence that is causing the convergence of lifestyles, values, and purchases among youth worldwide is
worldwide mass media.
trapped working woman
would rather stay at home but works due to financial necessity and family pressure and doesn't get satisfaction from work
trapped housewife
would rather work but stays at home because of children and family pressure and is concerned about lost opportunities
Currently, Generation Alpha consists mostly of
young children.
In comparison to the white non-Hispanic population of the United States, Hispanics tend to
younger
Unlike most other traditional societies, American culture has always valued
youth
Which is an example of an auxiliary service?
Free delivery and set-up when purchasing appliances
_____ refers to traits of masculinity and femininity that biological males and females exhibit along a continuum.
Gender identity
When did American values notably begin to shift toward an emphasis on leisure and immediate gratification?
following World War II
The result of Americans favoring materialism is the
formation of a consumption-driven society.
The increased efficiency of marketers in the United States who target particular Asian Americans on the basis of their nationalities through specialized media channels can be attributed to the _____ of Asian Americans.
geographic concentration
In the context of cross-cultural marketing strategy, , which generally means global localization, refers to the adaptation of products and services to local considerations.
glocalization
In the process of market segmentation, what step occurs after identifying product-related need sets?
grouping customers with similar need sets
The Chinese concept that refers to personal relationships on which an individual can draw to obtain resources or advantages when doing business or even in the course of social life is known as
guanxi
Orthodox Jews generally differ from mainstream Jews because orthodox Jews
have strict dietary rules and preparation requirements for food.
An incorrect assumption that American marketers unfamiliar with India often make is that they believe that it is a(n)
homogeneous country.
Select the regulatory bodies and/or policies that are designed to protect and educate consumers. (Select all that apply.)
-Nutrition Labeling and Education Act -Food and Drug Administration
What are the three broad forms of cultural values?
-Other-oriented values -Self-oriented values -Environment-oriented values
What two factors have been found to influence American's strong material orientation?
-Social media -Television
Which of the following are true of consumer decisions? (Select all that apply.)
-They can be a result of powerful and nuanced motivations. -They are the result of a complex set of forces.
Select the components of a market analysis. (Select all that apply)
-the organization's own capabilities -the economic, physical, and technological environment -the capabilities of current and future competitors -the consumption process of potential customers
Place the steps of the market segmentation process in the order in which they are implemented by a firm. Place the first step at the top and the last step at the bottom.
1. Identify need sets related to products 2. Sorting consumers into groups with similar need sets 3. Describing each group of consumers with a similar need sets 4. Choosing Segment to serve
Which generation was born between 1965 and 1976?
Generation X
A generation that was born between 1995 and 2009 in the United States that has been labeled Digital Natives, Generation @, and the Net Generation is
Generation Z.
_____ occur(s) when businesses consider variations in culture and adapt their products and services to meet the needs of a local market.
Glocalization
_____ refers to the practice of marketing products or services with purported environmental benefits, but not delivering the promised benefits in reality.
Greenwashing
A firm developing a marketing strategy seeks to answer which question?
How will we provide superior customer value to our target market?
What is the likely outcome for a firm that bases its marketing decisions on explicit consumer behavior theory, assumptions, and research?
It can create a competitive advantage for the firm.
What does a company do in a class to mass strategy?
It creates opportunities for less affluent customers to afford and purchase luxury products.
size
It denotes to number of individuals in a given populace.
Distribution
It denotes to the geographic location of individuals in a given populace as well as their rural, suburban, and urban location.
Structure
It describes a population using the variables of age, income, education, and occupation.
Lower class
It is divided into two groups on the basis of proximity to the poverty level, and it comprises 16 percent of all Americans.
Middle class
It is divided into two groups, both of which have average incomes, and it forms 70 percent of the American population.
When conducting market analysis, which of the following must a company do?
It must understand its own ability to meet customer needs.
Why did traditional American society place a high value on youth?
It was a quality vital to the transformation of a wilderness into an industrial nation.
Which of the following are most likely to be true of many Americans for whom religion is especially important? (Select all that apply.)
They might avoid products that go against their beliefs. They tend to purchase religious objects and books. They might attempt to regulate the purchase of "sin" products such as liquor or pornography.
______ are Americans who are characterized by high incomes, high education levels, dual-career households, time poverty, the "empty nest" phenomenon, and the concept of active retirement.
Baby boomers
self-concept(A) lifestyle(B)
(A)the totality of a person's thoughts and feeling about him- or herself (B)The manifestation of the total image a person has of him- or herself
Which two statements about etiquette are true?
-Behaviors considered rude in one culture may be acceptable in another. -The use of gestures and normal voice tone differ among cultures.
Which of the following are the most likely responses from competing companies if your company is successful?
-Competitors will reduce prices on their products. -Competitors will increase their advertising.
During market analysis, which of the following questions should a company ask regarding competition?
-How are competitors likely to respond if we are successful? -If we are successful, which firms will be hurt?
Which two statements about determining customers' needs are true?
-It is a complex process. -It can often be accomplished by marketing research.
Which of the following are reasons that the United States is considered a secular society? (Select all that apply.)
-No religious group controls the political process. -Most people's daily behaviors are not guided by strict religious guidelines.
Select from the following the four steps of the market segmentation process.
1. select a segment to serve 2. group customers with similar need sets 3. Identify product-related need sets 4. describe each group
Members of Generation Alpha were born starting in
2010.
What percentage of Americans have completed a college education?
31%
Marketers must be aware of the generational identification of Hispanic consumers in order to market to them effectively. Which group of Hispanic consumers is most likely to identify as American and is most likely to use English as their primary language?
3rd gen
Price<---------------->A Consumer cost<----->B
A)The amount of money that must be paid to obtain the right to use a product B) What is surrendered in order to receive the benefits of owning/using a product
Upper class
Americans. It is divided into three groups on the basis of occupation and social affiliation, and it comprises 14 percent of all Americans.
Which category of world citizen doesn't like international brands or brands that promote American values?
Antiglobals
The people from which ethnic subculture come from a variety of countries—the majority of which are U.S. citizens—and tend to be better educated, have higher-than-average incomes, and are more likely to be entrepreneurs?
Arab
The most diverse subculture in the United States that is composed of numerous nationalities, religions, and languages is the _____ subculture.
Asian American
_____ is an environment-oriented cultural value that describes the extent to which a culture emphasizes personal and public hygiene.
Cleanliness
______ studies the processes that people use to choose, secure, utilize, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the effect of these processes on the consumer and society.
Consumer Behavior
Polychronic time perspective
Cultures with this perspective have an orientation toward the present and the past and are less likely to view time as discrete and subject to scheduling.
monochronic time perspective
Cultures with this perspective view time as fixed in nature, inescapable, and linear, and they often compare its nature to that of a physical object.
An element in a marketing strategy that involves making a product available in places where its target customers can purchase it is known as
Distribution
_____ refers to environmentally friendly marketing practices, strategies, and tactics that a firm employs to obtain an ambitious distinction.
Enviropreneurial marketing
After learning that introducing their organic produce into parts of Europe would cause local farmers great hardship, Cali-Organics Inc. decided to pursue a different foreign market where their impact would be welcome. What caused the company to make this choice?
Ethics
True or false: For consumers that identify as being religious, the inclusion of a religious symbol on a product automatically makes them more inclined to buy that product.
False
True or false: In terms of shifting gender roles in the United States today, the only role shift that has occurred has been of women taking on traditionally male-oriented tasks.
False
Keith is a factory supervisor and is worried about losing his job after the company announced it will be downsizing next year. Which social class is Keith probably a member of?
Middle class
What is the current status of people who belong to the Depression generation in the United States?
Most of them are retired.
______ are the arbitrarily assigned meanings for events, actions, and things other than words that are specific to a culture.
Nonverbal communication systems
Match the types of cultural values (in the left column) to their corresponding descriptions (in the right column).
Other-oriented values -They describe a society's perception of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups in the society. They describe a society's perception of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups in the society. Environment-oriented values -They prescribe a society's relationship to its economic, technical, and physical context. They prescribe a society's relationship to its economic, technical, and physical context. Self-oriented values -They describe the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable. They describe the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable.
What are three common characteristics of members of Generation X?
Reached adulthood during difficult economic times Path to success less certain than prior generations. First generation raised in dual-career households
The consumer decision process, along with the experiences and acquisitions associated with it, affects the internal and external characteristics of consumers. What aspect of the consumer is most influenced by this?
Self-concept and lifestyle
The application of marketing strategies and practices not for profit but rather to change or create behaviors that have a beneficial impact on targeted individuals or society as a whole is known as
Social Marketing
Larissa was promoted to assistant vice president and will move out of her shared space and into an office next week. What aspect of nonverbal communication is represented in this situation?
Space
Which marketing communication results from the the assumption that the African American culture is no different than the larger culture?
Standard commercials targeted at African Americans simply have white actors replaced with black actors.
True or false: African Americans form a very diverse market segment.
T
True or false: Differences in climatic conditions, natural environment and resources, characteristics of various immigrant groups settled in a geographic area, and significant social and political events cause distinct regional subcultures to arise.
T
According to the text, which of the following American holidays have a religious basis although religion may no longer be the central theme of the holiday?
Thanksgiving Christmas
Multi-item indexes
These consider many variables simultaneously and weight these according to a scheme that mirrors societal perceptions.
Single-item indexes
These estimate social status on the basis of one dimension such as occupation, education, or income, and are usually lower in accuracy.
Which of the following are characteristics of cultural values?
They affirm what is desirable. They are widely held beliefs.
Which statement about status-oriented societies is accurate?
They are more likely to prefer prestigious brand names.
What two factors should marketers realize when targeting Asian Americans?
They are more likely to purchase luxury goods. They are willing to pay more for name brands.
What is a common mistake that marketers make when communicating with the African American consumers?
They assume that consumers from an ethnic group are the same as the larger culture except for superficial differences.
True or false: Purchases can increase a consumer's need rather than reduce it when he or she has a negative level of satisfaction.
True
Shayla told the marketing team that their efforts would have to be adaptable to an emerging culture in India where more people were looking for products based on their social standing rather than economy. Which cultural value is Shayla concerned with?
Wealth
Members of ethnic subcultures share unique behaviors based on
a common racial, language, or national background.
ascribed role
based on a characteristic over which a person has minimal control
achievement role
based on performance criteria over which a person has a level of control
Among the important female market segments in the United States, the _____ segment has grown significantly in the past thirty years.
career working woman
During the marketing survey, Henrik was asked what age he felt like based on his physical appearance and behaviors. He replied that he felt like he was 35 even though the calendar said he was 50. The survey is asking for his _____ age.
cognitive
A society that gives incentives and prestige to groups is most likely to value the other-oriented cultural value of
collectivism
Market Segment Research segmented the Asian American market in the United States into three groups on the basis of their
demographics and attitudes.
In the process of market segmentation, which of the following is the step that comes after identifying customers with similar need sets that are related to a product?
describing customers with similar needs in terms of their demographics
Unlike social marketing, cause-related marketing
directly benefits a company.
As children of the baby boom generation, Generation Yers are sometimes referred to as the _____ boom.
echo
The factors that are strongly associated with occupation include
education and income.
According to researchers, cultural creatives are Americans who _____.
embrace diversity, like foreign and exotic things, and value self-expression
Traditionally, while an American businessperson would carefully review a written contract prior to making a deal, a Chinese businessperson would be more likely to
examine the character of the person making the deal
Hispanic consumers in the United States tend to be
extremely brand loyal.
