chapter 3 biology

Some, such as ____________ help with muscle contraction and cell movement.

actin

This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as polymers are broken down into monomers.

addition

ATP, or ____________ provides energy for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and many other chemical reactions necessary for life.

adenosine triphosphate

Proteins are composed of ____________ that contain a(n) ____________ group, an acid group, and a variable R group.

amino acids, amino

When two or more ____________ are bonded together, a ____________ is formed and when a chain of ____________ are bonded together, a ____________ is formed.

amino acids, peptide, amino acids, polypeptide

The sequence of ____________ greatly influence the behavior and function of the resulting ____________ .

amino acids, polypeptide

A sequence of ____________ strung together in a strand forms a ____________ structure.

amino acids, primary

These fats are produced mostly in ____________ .

animals

Some, including ____________ , function in defense by preventing antigens from destroying cells.

antibodies

In animals, ____________ provides vital long-term energy storage.

blubber

These groups are arranged around a central ____________ atom.

carbon

Which of the following carbohydrates would NOT be a molecule used for energy storage?

cellulose

Plants use a polysaccharide called ____________ for structural support. This molecule is comprised of ____________ molecules that are alternately flipped for increased support.

cellulose, glucose

Animals and fungi use ____________ for structural support. It's found in the ____________ of insects and crustaceans and makes up fungal cell walls.

chitin, exoskeletons

Some, such as ____________ , function in support and provide structure to ligaments, tendons, and skin.

collagen

These subunits attach themselves together to build biomolecules through ____________ reactions.

dehydration

A ____________ reaction joins the ____________ together, forming a(n) ____________ bond called a ____________ bond.

dehydration, amino acids, covalent, peptide

Polymers composed of monosaccharides are formed through ____________ reactions and are called ____________ . Specific forms of these polymers serve several different functions.

dehydration, polysacchrides

Combinations of two monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like ____________ , which are typically ____________ and can be metabolized into ____________ .

disaccharides, maltose, transported, fat

When they're exposed to water, they orient themselves in a ____________ layer, so that the ____________ face out towards the water or inside of the cell and the ____________ face each other.

double, heads, tails

Many of these synthesis and degradation processes are catalyzed by ____________ .

enzymes

Proteins serve many diverse functions. Some function as ____________ , catalyzing metabolic reactions within cells.

enzymes

The more double bonds within a ____________ tail, the ____________ the melting temperature.

fatty acid, lower

This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as ____________ are linked together and ____________ built.

formation, monomers, polymers

Steroids are composed of ____________ fused carbon ____________ .

four, rings

One ____________ molecule attaches to three ____________ molecules to form a ____________ .

glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride

Animals use ____________ as a way to store glucose. It typically exists in a ____________ and is stored in the liver.

glycogen, branched form

This means that in DNA, cytosine is always paired with ____________ , and adenine is always paired with ____________ .

guanine, thymine

Some, such as ____________ , serve to transport molecules such as oxygen within the human body.

hemoglobin

These bonds have a ____________ energy associated with them, so when they break, energy is ____________ and ____________ is formed.

high, released, adenosine diphosphate

Some proteins, such as ____________ , function as chemical messengers and help regulate cell behavior.

hormones

Biomolecules are broken down into their subunits through ____________ reactions.

hydrolysis

Phospholipids have ____________ heads and ____________ tails.

hydrophillic, hydrophobic

These examples of polysaccharides function well as storage molecules since they are large and ____________ in water, which prevents them from passing through the plasma membrane. But storage is not the only function suited to polysaccharides.

insoluble

Lipids are ____________ in water due to the ____________ nature of their long hydrocarbon chains.

insoluble, nonpolar

Oils, such as canola oil, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.

liquids, unsaturated

Single monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like glucose, which are typically used for ____________ or to help build the backbone of nucleotides that make up RNA and DNA.

monosaccharides, immediate energy

The ____________ bases of one strand exhibit ____________ with the bases of other strands.

nitrogen, complementary base pairing

It is a ____________ that is comprised of adenine, ribose, and ____________ phosphate molecules.

nucleotide, three

Nucleic acids are made of ____________ , each of which contain 3 parts.

nucleotides

In plants, ____________ provide vital long-term energy storage.

oils

Bacteria use ____________ for structural support within their cell walls.

peptiodoglycan

Within all organisms, ____________ comprise the bulk of the plasma membrane, allowing it the many properties that it needs to function.

phospholipids

These oils are produced mostly in ____________ .

plants

Its function in the ____________ is to provide both flexibility and stability. Some steroids also function in cell to cell communication.

plasma membrane

The ____________ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is ____________ in nature.

plasma membrane, fluid

Carbohydrates exist as either monomers or ____________ , long chains of monomers bonded together.

polymers

Large biomolecules, or ____________ , are comprised of smaller subunits called ____________ .

polymers, monomers

Groups of three or more monomers are called ____________ and include ____________ and other molecules typically used for ____________ and structural support.

polysaccharides, starch, short-term storage

When two or more polypeptides bond together into a working protein, it represents a ____________ structure.

quatemary

Once amino acids begin to form bonds with one another to create helical or sheet-like formations, a ____________ structure is formed.

secondary

Fats, such as lard, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.

solids, saturated

For instance, plants use ____________ as a way to store glucose, either in its ____________ called amylose, or its ____________ , called amylopectin.

starch, unbranched form, branched form

Embedded within the plasma membrane are ____________ , which provide cell to cell communication and contribute to plasma membrane flexibility.

steroids

When amino acids bond further, creating a globular shape, this is referred to as a protein's ____________ structure.

teritary

The phosphates are held together by ____________ ____________ bonds

unstable phosphate

Many organisms, including plants, have slick coverings made of ____________ , which provide both protection and waterproofing.

waxes

They contain a ____________ sugar, a ____________ group, and a ____________ base.

5-carbon, phosphate, nitrogen