chapter 3 biology
Some, such as ____________ help with muscle contraction and cell movement.
actin
This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as polymers are broken down into monomers.
addition
ATP, or ____________ provides energy for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and many other chemical reactions necessary for life.
adenosine triphosphate
Proteins are composed of ____________ that contain a(n) ____________ group, an acid group, and a variable R group.
amino acids, amino
When two or more ____________ are bonded together, a ____________ is formed and when a chain of ____________ are bonded together, a ____________ is formed.
amino acids, peptide, amino acids, polypeptide
The sequence of ____________ greatly influence the behavior and function of the resulting ____________ .
amino acids, polypeptide
A sequence of ____________ strung together in a strand forms a ____________ structure.
amino acids, primary
These fats are produced mostly in ____________ .
animals
Some, including ____________ , function in defense by preventing antigens from destroying cells.
antibodies
In animals, ____________ provides vital long-term energy storage.
blubber
These groups are arranged around a central ____________ atom.
carbon
Which of the following carbohydrates would NOT be a molecule used for energy storage?
cellulose
Plants use a polysaccharide called ____________ for structural support. This molecule is comprised of ____________ molecules that are alternately flipped for increased support.
cellulose, glucose
Animals and fungi use ____________ for structural support. It's found in the ____________ of insects and crustaceans and makes up fungal cell walls.
chitin, exoskeletons
Some, such as ____________ , function in support and provide structure to ligaments, tendons, and skin.
collagen
These subunits attach themselves together to build biomolecules through ____________ reactions.
dehydration
A ____________ reaction joins the ____________ together, forming a(n) ____________ bond called a ____________ bond.
dehydration, amino acids, covalent, peptide
Polymers composed of monosaccharides are formed through ____________ reactions and are called ____________ . Specific forms of these polymers serve several different functions.
dehydration, polysacchrides
Combinations of two monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like ____________ , which are typically ____________ and can be metabolized into ____________ .
disaccharides, maltose, transported, fat
When they're exposed to water, they orient themselves in a ____________ layer, so that the ____________ face out towards the water or inside of the cell and the ____________ face each other.
double, heads, tails
Many of these synthesis and degradation processes are catalyzed by ____________ .
enzymes
Proteins serve many diverse functions. Some function as ____________ , catalyzing metabolic reactions within cells.
enzymes
The more double bonds within a ____________ tail, the ____________ the melting temperature.
fatty acid, lower
This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as ____________ are linked together and ____________ built.
formation, monomers, polymers
Steroids are composed of ____________ fused carbon ____________ .
four, rings
One ____________ molecule attaches to three ____________ molecules to form a ____________ .
glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride
Animals use ____________ as a way to store glucose. It typically exists in a ____________ and is stored in the liver.
glycogen, branched form
This means that in DNA, cytosine is always paired with ____________ , and adenine is always paired with ____________ .
guanine, thymine
Some, such as ____________ , serve to transport molecules such as oxygen within the human body.
hemoglobin
These bonds have a ____________ energy associated with them, so when they break, energy is ____________ and ____________ is formed.
high, released, adenosine diphosphate
Some proteins, such as ____________ , function as chemical messengers and help regulate cell behavior.
hormones
Biomolecules are broken down into their subunits through ____________ reactions.
hydrolysis
Phospholipids have ____________ heads and ____________ tails.
hydrophillic, hydrophobic
These examples of polysaccharides function well as storage molecules since they are large and ____________ in water, which prevents them from passing through the plasma membrane. But storage is not the only function suited to polysaccharides.
insoluble
Lipids are ____________ in water due to the ____________ nature of their long hydrocarbon chains.
insoluble, nonpolar
Oils, such as canola oil, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.
liquids, unsaturated
Single monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like glucose, which are typically used for ____________ or to help build the backbone of nucleotides that make up RNA and DNA.
monosaccharides, immediate energy
The ____________ bases of one strand exhibit ____________ with the bases of other strands.
nitrogen, complementary base pairing
It is a ____________ that is comprised of adenine, ribose, and ____________ phosphate molecules.
nucleotide, three
Nucleic acids are made of ____________ , each of which contain 3 parts.
nucleotides
In plants, ____________ provide vital long-term energy storage.
oils
Bacteria use ____________ for structural support within their cell walls.
peptiodoglycan
Within all organisms, ____________ comprise the bulk of the plasma membrane, allowing it the many properties that it needs to function.
phospholipids
These oils are produced mostly in ____________ .
plants
Its function in the ____________ is to provide both flexibility and stability. Some steroids also function in cell to cell communication.
plasma membrane
The ____________ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is ____________ in nature.
plasma membrane, fluid
Carbohydrates exist as either monomers or ____________ , long chains of monomers bonded together.
polymers
Large biomolecules, or ____________ , are comprised of smaller subunits called ____________ .
polymers, monomers
Groups of three or more monomers are called ____________ and include ____________ and other molecules typically used for ____________ and structural support.
polysaccharides, starch, short-term storage
When two or more polypeptides bond together into a working protein, it represents a ____________ structure.
quatemary
Once amino acids begin to form bonds with one another to create helical or sheet-like formations, a ____________ structure is formed.
secondary
Fats, such as lard, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.
solids, saturated
For instance, plants use ____________ as a way to store glucose, either in its ____________ called amylose, or its ____________ , called amylopectin.
starch, unbranched form, branched form
Embedded within the plasma membrane are ____________ , which provide cell to cell communication and contribute to plasma membrane flexibility.
steroids
When amino acids bond further, creating a globular shape, this is referred to as a protein's ____________ structure.
teritary
The phosphates are held together by ____________ ____________ bonds
unstable phosphate
Many organisms, including plants, have slick coverings made of ____________ , which provide both protection and waterproofing.
waxes
They contain a ____________ sugar, a ____________ group, and a ____________ base.
5-carbon, phosphate, nitrogen