Exam 1 History 20

Chapter 2: Richard Hakluyt's A Discourse Concerning Western Planting was written to convince Queen Elizabeth I to support the colonization of the Americas. Identify the ideas that were reflected in the work that supported the establishment of colonies

- Hakluyt argued that the New World needed to be rescued from the Spanish empire. - Hakluyt argued that the English could compete against the Spanish Catholics for converted Indian souls in the New World. - Hakluyt argued that colonies would be a solution for unemployment.

Chapter 2 Identify which criticisms of the church resulted in Roger Williams's banishment from the colony of Massachusetts.

- He believed in religious toleration, citing that God had singled out not only the Puritans for salvation. - He insisted that the congregations withdraw from the Church of England and that church and state should be separated.

chapter 2: Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton were denounced for Antinomianism, or putting their own judgment or faith above the teachings of the church. Identify the statements that describe the significance of Anne Hutchinson to the region's religious culture.

- Hutchinson demonstrated how Puritan belief in each individual's ability to interpret the Bible could lead to criticism of the establishment. - Although religious tolerance as a concept would not take root in the colonies for many years, Hutchinson showed other interpretations of the Bible and critiqued preachers.

Chapter 3: Identify the statements that describe the consumer revolution in the eighteenth century.

- Items that used to be considered luxuries, available only to the wealthy, became accessible to modest farmers - British merchants supplied American traders with loans, allowing them to import goods and sell them on the frontier. - Shops in port cites flourished.

Chapter 2: Identify the statements that describe John Winthrop and his beliefs about the concept of liberty

- John Winthrop was the first governor of Massachusetts. - john Winthrop believed that true freedom required individuals to submit to both religious and secular authorities

Chapter 1: Martin Luther, a German priest, gained much attention when he posted his Ninety-Five Theses. What arguments did Luther express in the document

- Luther accused the Catholic Church of corruption. - Luther wanted all Christians to read the Bible for themselves, not rely on interpretations from a priest. - Luther wanted to stop the sale of indulgences, which granted forgiveness in exchange for a fee.

Chapter 2: In the mid-seventeenth century, some Puritan leaders began to worry about their society's growing commercialization and declining piety, or "declension." Identify the statements that describe the Half-Way Covenant and its impact on the church.

- Massachusetts churches were forced to deal with a growing problem—the religious status of the third generation. This led to the creation of the Half-Way Covenant. - The Half-Way Covenant made ancestry, not religious conversion, the pathway into the church and inclusion among the elect

Chapter 1: Identify some of the characteristics of fourteenth-century West African societies.

- Peoples of the region were ruled by large West African empires. - Peoples in the region conducted trade with the Middle East. - There were a wide array of languages and political systems throughout the region. - most West Africans were farmers and herders.

Chapter 1: uropeans held numerous ideas of freedom. Identify the characteristics of Christian liberty

- Servitude and freedom were mutually reinforced through the ideal of becoming a "servant to God." - less a political or social status, and more a moral or spiritual condition

Chapter 1: Identify the outcomes of Portuguese exploration of West Africa.

- The center of sugar production moved from the Mediterranean to West Africa. - Portugal became the primary European trading partner with the East. - Enslaved Africans became the dominant source of labor on sugar plantations.

Chapter 3: American slavery flourished for many reasons, especially among the Chesapeake planters. Identify the statements that describe why Chesapeake planters found African slaves more suitable as a source of labor compared to indentured servants.

- The children of an enslaved mother had no rights and, therefore, also became enslaved. - The terms of service for an enslaved person never expired. - Fewer indentured servants were migrating to the regions.

Chapter 3: Describe the colonial elite

- The colonial elite enjoyed time in Charleston or Philadelphia, both urban centers at the time that provided theaters and social events. - The colonial elite often sought to emulate the lifestyle and customs of the British elite, by wearing English fashion and encouraging their sons to go to school in England.

Chapter 1: The Dutch struggled to increase their population in New Netherlands. As part of an effort to entice more immigration, they established patroons. Identify some of the characteristics of these patroons.

- They were shareholders in the colonies who agreed to transport tenants from Europe in exchange for land. - Patroons had vast power and control over their estates.

Chapter: 1 Who were Columbus's sponsors on his first voyage?

- bankers and merchants of Spain and the Italian city-states - the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella

Chapter 3: When the English took over New York from the Dutch, they continued to allow religious toleration but minimized the rights the Dutch had given to which of the following groups of people?

- blacks - women

Chapter 1: Identify the key characteristics of the Ancestral Puebloans and the Huhugam civilizations of Western Indians

- built planned towns with large multi-family dwellings - constructed dams and canals to gather and distribute water - hey conducted trade with groups as far away as central Mexico and the Mississippi River valley.

Chapter 3: Given the aims of the English colonial empire, what would have been the main benefit in seizing New Netherland from the Dutch in 1664

- control of Philadelphia - control of New Amsterdam (which became New York City)

Chapter 2: Which of the following statements correctly describe the founding of Harvard College in Massachusetts?

- established by Massachusetts leaders to ensure an educated ministry - the first college established in the English colonies of North America

chapter 2: Colonial English women were defined by their legal status as feme covert (married) or feme sole (single). Identify the unique privileges feme sole women enjoyed.

- feme sole women could own land - Feme sole women could make contracts and conduct business.

Chapter 2: Answering the question here will not affect your activity score or grade. Identify the statements that describe the Great Migration and its impact on New England

- involved the emigration of Puritans from England to Massachusetts between 1630 and 1642 - created the foundation for a stable and thriving society in Massachusetts

Chapter 2: Identify the statements that describe Oliver Cromwell and his policy of colonial expansion.

- led an aggressive policy of colonial expansion, extending English control over Ireland and Jamaica - English ruler who assumed power after the execution of Charles I

Chapter 2: The idea of freedom suddenly took on new and expanded meanings between 1640 and 1660. Identify the statements that describe the Levellers and their contributions to the expanded idea of freedom during this time.-

- offered a glimpse of the modern definition of freedom as a universal entitlement based on equal rights, not a function of social class - was the first democratic political movement that proposed a written constitution, which proposed to abolish the monarchy and expand the right to vote

Chapter 1: French treatment of Natives

- the French had great admiration for teh Native societies, and as a result they frequently adopted Native ways

Chapter 1: Identify the innovations Native Americans lacked that limited the development of agriculture to certain regions.

- wheeled vehicles - domesticated animals

Chapter 1: Most Native American societies were individual groups before Europeans arrived; however, five Iroquois peoples did unite and formed a Great League of Peace. Identify the most likely reasons the five nations of the Iroquois united under one confederacy.

-- to combine their fighting forces to defeat other Native groups in the area - to coordinate diplomatic relations between members of the league - The Great League of Peace was formed prior to the arrival of the Europeans

Chapter 1: According to the widespread legal doctrine known as "coverture," when a woman married she surrendered her legal identity and became "covered" by that of her husband. What did coverture mean for married women?

- A married woman could not own property or sign contracts in her name. - A married woman could not conduct business for the family. - Family life was oriented around ideas of female submission.

Chapter 3: Identify the statements that describe the Glorious Revolution in England and its impact on the colonies

- As a result of the Glorious Revolution, fault lines in colonial society were exposed, providing an opportunity for local elites to regain authority. - The Glorious Revolution was the culmination of the long struggle between Parliament and the crown for the English government, which established parliamentary supremacy. - As a result of the Glorious Revolution, Protestant domination was secured in most of the colonies.

Chapter 1: Identify the statements that describe what the Florentine Codex reveals about Cortés's attack on the Aztecs.

- Aztec men, women, and children were willing to fight against the Spanish. - The Spanish had superior weapons.

Chapter 3:; Which of the following cities were controlled by the French in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries

- Biloxi, Mississippi - New Orleans, Louisiana - Mobile, Alabama

Chapter 2: Traders, religious missionaries, and colonial authorities all sought to reshape Native society and culture. Identify the statements that describe the recurrent warfare between colonists and Natives.

- Colonists frequently forced out Natives, and then settled on the land that they had cleared. - The conflicts resulted in feelings of superiority from the colonists and further encouraged their creation of boundaries between the two cultures.

Chapter 2: When compared to early and rapid success for the Spanish, the English were slow to get their colonies into a profitable state. Identify the reasons why Jamestown was unsuccessful in the first five years.

- Diseases and illnesses such as malaria, dysentery, and typhoid took a heavy toll on the settlers. - Early English settlers included numerous sons of English gentry and high-status craftsmen who did not want to grow crops or perform labor. - English colonists were too focused on finding large veins of gold as it was rumored the Spanish had done so easily.

Chapter 3: While slavery had existed for generations in many other parts of the world, American slavery was unique for many reasons. Identify some characteristics of how slavery worked in the American colonies.

- Enslaved people were subjected to strict legal codes, which limited their opportunities - A large number of enslaved people worked under a single owner, rather than being dispersed within and among the population.

Chapter 1: The late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries are often described as the early years of Europe's age of exploration. Place the following European voyages in chronological order.

1. vikings establishment settlement at L'Anse aux meados, Newfoundland 2. Columbian expedition makes landfall in Bahamas 3. Amerigo Vesupucci explores coast of south Ameirica. 4. Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the globe

chapter 2: Place the following events in chronological order to describe early English colonization.

1. Hakluyt writes a Discourse concerning westerner planning, arguing that queen eliacathebeth should support colonies in the new world 2. Roanoke Island is settled butulimateley fails debt lack of planning 3. Jamestown, VA is established in hope of th eVirginia CONMPANY turning a quick profit but faces number challenges 4. Piligrims set sail for plymouth 5. Mayflower compact, the first written Frame of government in what is now the US oil created

Chapter 1: Place the following major events and processes from the early history of the Americas in chronological order.

1. Hunter and fishers cross the Bering Land Bridge form Siberia to Alaska 2. Glaciers begin to melt, submerging the land bridge between Asia and North American 3. Agriculture emerges in mesoamercia and The Andes

Chapter 2: The Magna Carta was written in 1215, but by 1600 it was being interpreted very differently than its original intention. Identify the important issue at the heart of the new interpretation of this document.

The Magna Carta was written in 1215, but by 1600 it was being interpreted very differently than its original intention. Identify the important issue at the heart of the new interpretation of this document.- All the Englishmen had rights and freedoms

Chapter 2: Which of the following rights did married women in the English colonies share with married women in England?

Dower: In both England and the colonies, married women possessed dower rights, which gave a woman one-third of her husband's property if he died before she did.

Chapter 1: Identify the key characteristics of the French and Dutch colonies.

Dutch - Religious toleration existed for colonists. - Legal rights existed for women - This country had patroons, who were landowners who had tenants work on their land for profits French - They married Native women, relying on them as guides, traders, and interpreters.

Chapter 2: Maryland in the 1640s verged on total anarchy. Identify the statements that describe the Act Concerning Religion (or Maryland Toleration Act) and its impact on society at that time.

It guaranteed all Christians the "free exercise" of religion, institutionalizing the principle of religious toleration that had been applied since the colony's beginning. The act did not establish religious toleration and liberty in the sense we know it today, as people who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ were punished. The law was a milestone in the history of religious freedom in colonial America.

Chapter 3: Identify the statements as describing the Lords of Trade or the Dominion of New England.

Lords of Trade - established in England to oversee colonial affairs Dominion of New England - ruled by the former New York governor - super-colony made up of New England colonies by James II in order to extract more money from America

Chapter 3: When war broke out between Natives and colonists, Natives who had already converted to Christianity found themselves in the middle of the conflict. Identify the statement that describes the outcome of this conflict for Natives who converted to Christianity.

The " praying Indians" lost their land and good necessary for their surivial, and they were also subjected to fatal disease - The 2,000 Natives who had converted to Christianity and lived in autonomous communities under Puritan supervision were removed from their towns and relocated to Deer Island in Boston Harbor, supposedly for their own protection, but many perished from disease and lack of food.

Chapter 2: European powers were slower to take an interest in North America than in South America and the Caribbean. Place the following North American settlements in chronological order according to their establishment.

1. Virginia Company finances Jamestown, the fist permanent English settlement in North America 2. Quebec, the first permanay French settlement in North America, is founded 3. Henery Hudson's exploration leaders to the founding of New Netherland, the first permanent Dutch settlement tin North America 4. The Spanish Settle Santa Fe as teh capital of New Mexico

Chapter 3: Many migrants settled into the British colonies. Identify the statements that describe the redemptioners.

Describes the redemptions: - formed tightly knit farming communities in rural New York, western Pennsylvania, and the southern backcountry - indentured families that received passage to the New World in exchange for an agreement to work off their debts

Chapter 2: The settlement at Roanoke represented an early failure for the English to colonize. Identify why it failed.

Although it not known for sure, the English colonists, at Roanoke most likely moved and blended in with Native Americans

Chapter 3: Eighteenth-century North America's religious diversity increased as its population grew. Colonial governments took different approaches to managing this diversity. Match the correct approach to the appropriate colonies.

Church and State in most other colonies.... - barred. Catholics and jews from voting and hiding public office - levied taxes to pay ministers' salaries church and state in New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania - enshrined religious tolerance into law

Chapter 1: Why was Columbus more confident than others about his ability to sail westward?

Columbus used the Bible to calculate that Asia was only 3,000 miles to west

Chapter 3: William Penn was a devout member of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Identify the statements that describe this religious group.

Describes the Quakers - faced persecution in England - believed in the equality of all persons (including women, Blacks, and Native Americans) before God - the first group of whites to speak out against slavery

chapter 2: In English Liberties, Or, The Free-Born Subject's Inheritance (1680), British journalist Henry Care describes various forms of government. Match each country to the form of government Care cites as a specific example

France & Turkey- "Arbitrary tyranny ... whose wills (or rather lusts) dispose of the lives and fortunes of their unhappy subjects. England- each man having a fixed fundamental right born with him as to the freedom of his person and property in his estate, which he cannot be deprived of, but either by his consent, or some crime for which the law has imposed...

Chapter 3: The Walking Purchase of 1737 was the culmination of well-intentioned bargaining between colonists and Natives.

In the Walking Purchase of 1737, the Delaware agreed to an arrangement to cede a tract of land bounded by the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours. To their amazement, Governor James Logan hired a team of swift runners, who marked out an area far in excess of what the Natives had anticipated.

Chapter 2: Indian culture was transformed by acquiring new items from the English colonists through trading. Identify what Indians acquired and were exposed to by the colonists.

Indians' acquisitions from colonists -Indians acquired guns, which led to overhunting. - Indians were exposed to disease, which devastated many tribes.

Chapter 1: What were the new technologies that enabled travel in the Atlantic?

Invention of the quadrant, compass, and development of the caravel

Chapter 1: Given his recommendation for the improvement of Indian and Spanish relations, Bartolomé de Las Casas would have most in common with which other reform-minded individual?

Martin Luther- Luther wanted to cleanse the church of abuses and critiqued the church in his Ninety-Five Theses, similar to the way Las Casas critiqued the Spanish treatment of innocent Indians.

Chapter 3: By the mid-eighteenth century, the different regions of the British colonies had developed distinct economic and social orders. Identify the economic and social orders of each of the regions.

Middle Colonies - farmers that produced grain for their own use and sale abroad New England small family farms that produced food for local consumption Virginia and South Carolina - slave plantations that produced tobacco

Chapter 1: The "Columbian Exchange" was a process of introducing animals, plants, technology, and disease from one part of the world to another. The exchange went both ways. Identify the place of origin of the goods and a disease that were part of this exchange.

Old Europe - sugarcane - horses and cattle - smallpox New World ( natives) - corn and potatoes

Chapter 3: Passage about the Atlantic World

People, ideas, and goods flowed back and forth across the Atlantic. Goods from North America and the West Indies became a major market for British manufactured goods. Tobacco grown in the Chesapeake was marketed in Britain, and then sold to the rest of Europe by British merchants. And, rumproduced in the West Indies was a popular good in North American colonies.

Chapter 3: Initially, Carolina settlers tried raising cattle and trading with the Natives, but what cash crop was ultimately responsible for Carolina's success?

Rice- In its early days, Carolina's economy centered on cattle raising and trade with local Native Americans, not agriculture. Carolina grew slowly until planters discovered the staple—rice—that would make them the wealthiest elite in English North America and their colony an epicenter of mainland slavery.

Chapter 3: Which of the following items would have been subject to the enumerated goods clause in the Navigation Acts?

Tea, Sugars, Snuff, Rum

Chapter 3: Which group of settlers was located well away from all the others in North America in the 1760s?

The French settlements were primarily in the north in what is present day Canada

Chapter 3: Identify the statement that explains why Virginia and Maryland shifted toward a reliance on slave labor.

The opening of Pennsylvania led to an immediate decline in the number of indentured servants choosing to sail for Virginia and Maryland, a development that did much to shift those colonies toward reliance on slave labor.

Chapter 5: Which event helped raise support in the southern colonies for the revolutionary movement?

The publication of Lord dunmore's proclamation

Revenue Act

This act dictated that goods such as wool and hides had to be shipped through England, rather than traded freely with other countries.

Chapter 1: Most Native American societies were matrilineal. Which of the following is a characteristic of a matrilineal society?

Tribal leaders were almost always men, but women played an important role in certain religious ceremonies, and female elders often helped select male village leaders and took part in tribal meetings. children becom remembers of they room family

Chapter 3: Review the section of the text titled "Quaker Liberty," and then analyze the following painting.

Women nd men were treated as equals

Chapter 1: The Dutch were more tolerant of diverse religious faiths. However tolerant, Governor Petrus Stuyvesant of New Netherland was a strong supporter of the Dutch Reformed Church and wanted to alienate those of other religious faiths. What petition was filed by Quakers demanding they be allowed to settle in a Dutch colony?

flushing reonstrance: This 1657 petition by a group of English settlers protested the governor's order barring Quakers from living in the town of Flushing on Long Island. Although later seen as a landmark of religious liberty, the Remonstrance had little impact at the time. Stuyvesant ordered several signers arrested for defying his authority.

Chapter 2 The establishment of Virginia and Maryland shared many similarities and also some notable differences. Identify which of the following characteristics correspond to either Virginia, Maryland, or both settlements

maryland - People of Catholic faith could find refuge and were encouraged to settle here. virngia and maryland - Indentured servants were relied upon for the majority of labor in the early years. - Tobacco was the leading cash crop. - Conditions were unhealthy, leading to a high death rate for adults and children. Virginia - This settlement was established by a company of investors.

Chapter 1: . In the late 1400s, Bartholomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama led expeditions sailing under the flag of Portugal. Based on the following map, what can you infer was the goal of those expeditions?

to find sea routes to East Asia, bypassing overland routes controlled by foreign powers - The major goal of early Portuguese exploration was to find a route to the East by water.