Chapter 3 - Cells & How they Work
molecule that directs protein synthesis
RNA
site of aerobic reactions of cellular respiration
mitochondria
Scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria because ____. - they both have cristae membranes - mitochondria have their own DNA - their shapes and sizes are exactly the same - both are surrounded by a cell wall - both can live independently
mitochondria have their own DNA
The cell membrane mix of lipids and proteins is referred to as a(n) ____. - mixture - compound - suspension - permeability - mosaic
mosaic
What type of microscope uses magnetic lenses to bend beams of electrons? - compound microscope - confocal microscope - scanning electron microscope - transmission electron microscope - light microscope
transmission electron microscope
Endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules or particles across the membrane using ______.
vesicles
Many coenzymes are which type of molecule? - lipids - sugars - carbohydrates - vitamins - proteins
vitamins
Which statement is true of mitochondria? - Mitochondria are found only in prokaryotic cells - ATP is formed by reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars - ATP-producing reactions take place in the outer compartment. - Mitochondria possess their own DNA - ATP producing reactions do not require oxygen
Mitochondria possess their own DNA
Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the cell under anaerobic conditions? - 1 - 2 - 32 - 34 - 36
2
Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the cytoplasm under aerobic conditions? - 1 - 2 - 32 - 34 - 36
2
Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the mitochondria under aerobic conditions? - 1 - 2 - 32 - 34 - 36
34
Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the cell under aerobic conditions? - 1 - 2 - 32 - 34 - 36
36
encodes genetic information
DNA
Which of the following is NOT true of enzyme behavior? - Enzyme shape may change during catalysis - Enzymes cannot make something happen that would not happen on its own - All enzymes have an active site where substrates are temporarily bound - Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions - Enzymes speed up reactions
Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions
What organelle modifies new polypeptides and sorts proteins and lipids? - nucleus - mitochondria - peroxisomes - lysosomes - Golgi body
Golgi body
When the body utilizes fats for energy the fatty acids enter which pathway of the metabolic cycle? specifically glycolysis in the liver - glycolysis - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain reactions - specifically glycolysis in the liver - fermentation reactions
Krebs cycle
mitochondrial reactions that produce two ATP per glucose molecule
Krebs cycle
Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and relate to ATP production.
Mitochondria are enclosed by a double membrane. An outer membrane that surrounds the organelle itself and an inner membrane that contains numerous folds. There are two spaces within the organelle. The space between the two membranes is the outer compartment and the innermost space is surrounded by the internal membrane. The innermost cavity is where the Krebs cycle reactions occur. During this process, two ATP molecules are produced and H+ are captured by NAD and FAD. These carries transport the H+ to the inner membrane where they are pumped into the outer compartment via the electron transport system. These ions accumulate in the outer compartment and a concentration gradient is established. As the ions flow down their concentration gradient they pass through an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP.
Which molecules pick up and transfer H+ to the electron transport chain? - ATP - oxygen - phosphate - acetyl-CoA - NAD and FAD
NAD and FAD
With each turn of the Krebs cycle, ____. - the majority of ATP are produced - oxygen is produced - carbon dioxide is utilized - NADH and FADH2 are produced - pyruvate is produced
NADH and FADH2 are produced
Which statement is NOT true of diffusion? - The process requires a concentration gradient - The particles diffuse faster when the concentration gradient is steep - The uncharged particles also move down electrical gradients - Each particle moves down its own concentration gradient - The process requires ATP
The process requires ATP
A red blood cell is placed in a solution. After a period of time, the cell has shrunk to half its original size. Which of the following is true? - Water moved from the solution into the cell - The solution inside the cell is hypertonic - The cell was placed in a hypertonic solution - The cell was placed in an isotonic solution - Salt left the cell resulting in its change in size
The cell was placed in a hypertonic solution
What factor of the plasma membrane provides fluidity? - The arrangements of carbohydrates - The movements of the phospholipids - The arrangement of proteins - The interaction of glycolipids with water - The enzymatic activity of membrane proteins
The movements of the phospholipids
What major factor limits cell size? - The rate at which it can process nutrients - The rate at which it can remove wastes - The size of the nucleus - The surface area to volume ratio - The size of the plasma membrane
The surface area to volume ratio
Two solutions A and B are separated by a membrane, which is permeable to water but not salts. Solution A is a 2% NaCl solution, while solution B is a 3% NaCl solution. Which of the following will occur? - Water will move from side B to side A - Water will move from side A to side B - Salt will move from side B to side A - Salt will move from side A to side B - Neither salt or water will move across the membrane
Water will move from side A to side B
A prokaryotic cell has all of the following EXCEPT ____. - a plasma membrane - DNA - cytoplasm - a nucleus inside a membrane - ribosomes
a nucleus inside a membrane
In the mitochondria pyruvate molecules are converted into ______ molecules, which can enter the Krebs cycle reactions.
acetyl-CoA
Which molecule can enter the Krebs cycle reactions? - glucose - pyruvate - carbon dioxide - NADH - acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA
The portion of an enzyme where the substrate binds is known as the ____. - receptor site - active site - target receptor - target site - contact site
active site
A cell moves sodium ions against its concentration gradient. This is an example of ____. - active transport - osmosis - diffusion - facilitated diffusionc - diffusion through a channel
active transport
Which transport process requires ATP utilization? - active transport - osmosis - diffusion - facilitated diffusion - diffusion through a channel
active transport
movement of sodium against its concentration gradient
active transport
requires ATP utilization to power membrane pumps
active transport
Dehydration synthesis reactions are forms of ____. - catabolism - anabolism - enzymatic deficiency - intermediary metabolism - denaturation
anabolism
Every living organism must have ____. - at least one cell - a nucleus - a cell wall - mitochondria - oxygen
at least one cell
During Krebs cycle reactions, the waste product gas ______ is produced.
carbon dioxide
Which of the following is NOT an end product of glycolysis? - total of 4 ATP produced - net yield of 2 ATP - 2 pyruvate molecules - carbon dioxide - production of a pair of three carbon molecules
carbon dioxide
The process by which cells break down nutrients to produce ATP is known as ____. - anabolism - dehydration synthesis - glycolysis - cellular respiration - ATP activation
cellular respiration
overall process by which cells produce ATP
cellular respiration
Which structure gives rise to microtubules? - intermediate filaments - flagella - collagen - microfilaments - centrioles
centrioles
In places where the public sanitation is poor, people run the risk of getting ____. - West Nile virus - cholera - SARS - anthrax - mononucleosis
cholera
DNA and its attached proteins are known as ____. - nucleoli - the nuclear envelope - chromatin - nucleotides - genes
chromatin
During Krebs cycle reactions the ______ NAD and FAD pick up H+ and electrons for processing in the electron transport system.
coenzymes
A difference in the number of particles in two neighboring solutions is a(n) __________.
concentration gradient
A chromosome ____. - consists of DNA and its associated proteins - is a single stranded DNA molecule - anchors the DNA within the nucleus - stabilizes the nuclear membrane - is found within the nucleus and cytoplasm
consists of DNA and its associated proteins
What portion of the cell contains microtubules and microfilaments? - nucleus - mitochondria - cytoskeleton - smooth ER - rough ER
cytoskeleton
For charged particles, transport across the cell membrane is influenced by the concentration gradient and ____. - the size of the particle - pore size - electrical gradient - ATP production - membrane thickness
electrical gradient
uses hydrogen ion gradient to power ATP production
electron transport system
Phagocytosis is a form of ____. - diffusion - endocytosis - exocytosis - osmosis - facilitated diffusion
endocytosis
process would be used by white blood cells to ingest bacteria
endocytosis
vesicular transport mechanism
endocytosis
The organelle with a flattened channel that begins at the nuclear envelope and passes into the cytoplasm is the ____. - nucleus - nuclear membrane - Golgi body - endoplasmic reticulum - lysosome
endoplasmic reticulum
When an enzyme breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate group on ATP ____. - energy is released - ATP is produced - glucose is produced - cellular work decreases - metabolism decreases
energy is released
A thyroid gland cell secretes thyroid hormones into the blood. This is an example of ____. - diffusion - endocytosis - exocytosis - osmosis - facilitated diffusion
exocytosis
Because glucose is a large molecule, it crosses the membrane through _______ diffusion.
facilitated
Glucose moves through a protein transporter down its concentration gradient into the cell. This is an example of ____. - diffusion - endocytosis - exocytosis - osmosis - facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion
movement of glucose into the cell
facilitated diffusion
use a transport protein to move amino acids into the cell
facilitated diffusion
Which structure produces cell movements? - intermediate filaments - flagella - collagen - microfilaments - centrioles
flagella
Glycolysis depends on a continuous supply of ____. - NADH - pyruvate - water - glucose - oxygen
glucose
What molecule is the body's main energy source? - oxygen - carbon dioxide - glucose - fats - proteins
glucose
Which portion of the plasma membrane carries out most of the membrane's specific functions? - proteins - lipids - carbohydrates - glycolipids - phospholipids
glycolipids
conversion of glucose to pyruvate
glycolysis
package cellular secretions for export
golgi bodies
The term eukaryotic means ____. - having many nuclei - before the nucleus - having a true nucleus - not having a nucleus - not having DNA
having a true nucleus
Which ion accumulates in the outer mitochondrial membrane compartment during electron transport chain reactions? - hydrogen - oxygen - sodium - potassium - calcium
hydrogen
A cell placed in a(n) _________ solution will swell.
hypotonic
Cholera produces severe diarrhea by ____. - increasing the rate at which cells pump out ions - decreasing osmosis in small intestinal cells - blocking ATP production - increasing water pumps in small intestinal cells - blocking sodium and potassium channels
increasing the rate at which cells pump out ions
Arsenic poisoning affects ATP production by ____. - using excess oxygen - interfering with Krebs cycle and electron transport chain reactions - increasing carbon dioxide levels - blocking glucose entry into cells - blocking the enzymes of glycolysis
interfering with Krebs cycle and electron transport chain reactions
Which cytoskeletal element anchors the proteins actin and myosin to strengthen the cytosol? - intermediate filaments - flagella - collagen - microfilaments - centrioles
intermediate filaments
The metabolic process _______ converts pyruvate to lactic acid.
lactate fermentation
. In which organ does the smooth ER inactivate drugs and harmful metabolic byproducts? - brain -kidney - liver - heart - spleen
liver
vesicle that contain enzymes for intracellular digestion
lysosome
Bacteria captured by white blood cells are collected in vesicles and destroyed by ____. - smooth ER - peroxisomes - Golgi bodies - ribosomes - lysosomes
lysosomes
The chemical reactions in cells are called ____. - substrate - coenzymes - receptor sites - metabolism - active site
metabolism
A photograph formed using a microscope is called a(n) ____. - spectrograph - x-ray - stereograph - micrograph - microphoto
micrograph
The most abundant cytoskeletal elements are ____. - intermediate filaments - flagella - microtubules - microfilaments - centrioles
microtubules
part of cytoskeletal system
microtubules
. The organelle that produces the majority of the cell's ATP is the ____. - ribosome - lysosome - mitochondria - vesicle - Golgi body
mitochondria
What organelle is the site of ATP production? - nucleus - mitochondria - peroxisomes - lysosomes - Golgi body
mitochondria
site of assembly of ribosomes
nucleoli
An organelle found in the nucleus is known as a ____. - nucleolus - plastid - vacuole - microvillus - basal body
nucleolus
The structure where parts of ribosomes form before passing into the cytoplasm is the ____. - nucleus - nuclear membrane - Golgi body - nucleolus - chromosome
nucleolus
In what portion of a eukaryotic cell is the majority of DNA isolated? - nucleus - mitochondria - vesicles - cytoplasm - lysosome
nucleus
chromosomes housed here
nucleus
The diffusion of water across a membrane is known as ____. - osmosis - active transport - facilitated diffusion - movement through a channel - carrier mediated transport
osmosis
movement of water across the membrane
osmosis
process by which a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink
osmosis
The production of ATP in the mitochondria requires ____. - ribosomes - oxygen - carbon dioxide - vesicles - DNA
oxygen
Which molecule is the final electron acceptor at the electron transport chain? - ATP - oxygen - phosphate - acetyl-CoA - NAD and FAD
oxygen
Which particle is able to freely cross the plasma membrane? - Na+ - Cl- - oxygen - glucose - amino acids
oxygen
Osmosis is a(n) __________ process because it does not require ATP energy.
passive
The organelle that converts harmful hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is the ____. - smooth ER - peroxisome - Golgi body - ribosome - lysosome
peroxisome
converts hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances
peroxisome
What organelle inactivates toxins? - nucleus - mitochondria - peroxisomes - lysosomes - Golgi body
peroxisomes
During glycolysis, phosphate groups are transferred to glucose from ATP. This process is called ____. - ionization - polymerization - phosphorylation - dephosphorylation - anabolism
phosphorylation
transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule
phosphorylation
Glycolysis reactions involve ____. - aerobic metabolism - phosphorylation reactions - mitochondria - Krebs cycle reactions - electron transport chain reactions
phosphorylation reactions
The plasma membrane is composed of ____. - water and salts - proteins - nucleic acids - primarily phospholipids - proteins and carbohydrates
primarily phospholipids
All enzymes are which type of organic molecule? - lipids - minerals - carbohydrates - vitamins - proteins
proteins
Which portion of the plasma membrane carries out most of the membrane's specific functions? - proteins - lipids - carbohydrates - glycolipids - phospholipids
proteins
During glycolysis a single glucose molecule is converted into two _______ molecules.
pyruvate
The term substrate is synonymous to the term ____. - enzyme - end product - reactant - intermediate - active site
reactant
In which structure do cilia covered in mucus trap foreign particles? - urinary tract - reproductive tract - arteries - respiratory tract - digestive tract
respiratory tract
What component of the cell is the site of polypeptide assembly? - nucleus - mitochondria - vesicles - ribosome - lysosome
ribosome
site of protein synthesis
ribosome
The major difference between the smooth and rough ER is that ____. - smooth ER is isolated to the nucleus - vesicles are found only in the smooth ER - rough ER contains ribosomes - smooth ER is the site of polypeptide synthesis - rough ER is the site of lipid synthesis
rough ER contains ribosomes
movement of oxygen down its concentration gradient
simple diffusion
movement of sodium down its concentration gradient through a channel
simple diffusion
A nuclear envelope has four of the following characteristics. Which is the exception? - single lipid bilayer - continuous with endoplasmic reticulum - possesses pores - controls passage of substances into and out of nucleus - separates DNA from cytoplasm
single lipid bilayer
The measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution is ____. - tonicity - osmosis - hydrostatic pressure - diffusion - facilitated diffusion
tonicity
