Chapter 3 - Cells & How they Work

molecule that directs protein synthesis

RNA

site of aerobic reactions of cellular respiration

mitochondria

Scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria because ____.​ - they both have cristae membranes - ​mitochondria have their own DNA - their shapes and sizes are exactly the same - ​both are surrounded by a cell wall - ​both can live independently

mitochondria have their own DNA

The cell membrane mix of lipids and proteins is referred to as a(n) ____.​ - ​mixture ​- compound ​- suspension ​- permeability ​- mosaic

mosaic

What type of microscope uses magnetic lenses to bend beams of electrons?​ - ​compound microscope ​- confocal microscope ​- scanning electron microscope ​- transmission electron microscope ​- light microscope

transmission electron microscope

Endocytosis and exocytosis move large molecules or particles across the membrane using ______.

vesicles

Many coenzymes are which type of molecule?​ - ​lipids - ​sugars - ​carbohydrates - ​vitamins - ​proteins

vitamins

Which statement is true of mitochondria?​ - ​Mitochondria are found only in prokaryotic cells - ​ATP is formed by reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars - ​ATP-producing reactions take place in the outer compartment. - ​Mitochondria possess their own DNA - ATP producing reactions do not require oxygen

​Mitochondria possess their own DNA

Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the cell under anaerobic conditions?​ - ​1 - ​2 - ​32 - ​34 - ​36

2

Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the cytoplasm under aerobic conditions?​ - ​1 - ​2 - 32​ - ​34 - ​36

2

Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the mitochondria under aerobic conditions?​ - ​1 - ​2 - ​32 - ​34 - ​36

34

Assuming one glucose molecule being metabolized, what is the net yield of ATP in the cell under aerobic conditions?​ - 1 - ​2 - ​32 - ​34 - ​36

36

encodes genetic information

DNA

Which of the following is NOT true of enzyme behavior?​ - ​Enzyme shape may change during catalysis - ​Enzymes cannot make something happen that would not happen on its own - ​All enzymes have an active site where substrates are temporarily bound - ​Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions - ​Enzymes speed up reactions

Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions

What organelle modifies new polypeptides and sorts proteins and lipids?​ ​- nucleus ​- mitochondria ​- peroxisomes ​- lysosomes ​- Golgi body

Golgi body

When the body utilizes fats for energy the fatty acids enter which pathway of the metabolic cycle? specifically glycolysis in the liver - ​glycolysis - ​Krebs cycle - ​electron transport chain reactions - ​specifically glycolysis in the liver - fermentation reactions​

Krebs cycle

mitochondrial reactions that produce two ATP per glucose molecule

Krebs cycle

Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and relate to ATP production.

Mitochondria are enclosed by a double membrane. An outer membrane that surrounds the organelle itself and an inner membrane that contains numerous folds. There are two spaces within the organelle. The space between the two membranes is the outer compartment and the innermost space is surrounded by the internal membrane. ​ The innermost cavity is where the Krebs cycle reactions occur. During this process, two ATP molecules are produced and H+ are captured by NAD and FAD. These carries transport the H+ to the inner membrane where they are pumped into the outer compartment via the electron transport system. These ions accumulate in the outer compartment and a concentration gradient is established. As the ions flow down their concentration gradient they pass through an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP.

Which molecules pick up and transfer H+ to the electron transport chain?​ - ​ATP - ​oxygen - ​phosphate - ​acetyl-CoA - ​NAD and FAD

NAD and FAD

With each turn of the Krebs cycle, ____.​ - ​the majority of ATP are produced - ​oxygen is produced - ​carbon dioxide is utilized - ​NADH and FADH2 are produced - ​pyruvate is produced

NADH and FADH2 are produced

Which statement is NOT true of diffusion?​ - ​The process requires a concentration gradient - ​The particles diffuse faster when the concentration gradient is steep - ​The uncharged particles also move down electrical gradients - ​Each particle moves down its own concentration gradient - ​The process requires ATP

The process requires ATP

A red blood cell is placed in a solution. After a period of time, the cell has shrunk to half its original size. Which of the following is true?​ - Water moved from the solution into the cell - ​The solution inside the cell is hypertonic - ​The cell was placed in a hypertonic solution - ​The cell was placed in an isotonic solution - ​Salt left the cell resulting in its change in size

The cell was placed in a hypertonic solution

What factor of the plasma membrane provides fluidity?​ - ​The arrangements of carbohydrates - ​The movements of the phospholipids - The arrangement of proteins - The interaction of glycolipids with water ​- The enzymatic activity of membrane proteins

The movements of the phospholipids

What major factor limits cell size?​ - ​The rate at which it can process nutrients - ​The rate at which it can remove wastes - ​The size of the nucleus ​- The surface area to volume ratio ​- The size of the plasma membrane

The surface area to volume ratio

Two solutions A and B are separated by a membrane, which is permeable to water but not salts. Solution A is a 2% NaCl solution, while solution B is a 3% NaCl solution. Which of the following will occur?​ - ​Water will move from side B to side A - ​Water will move from side A to side B - ​Salt will move from side B to side A - ​Salt will move from side A to side B - ​Neither salt or water will move across the membrane

Water will move from side A to side B

A prokaryotic cell has all of the following EXCEPT ____.​ - ​a plasma membrane - ​DNA - ​cytoplasm - ​a nucleus inside a membrane - ​ribosomes

a nucleus inside a membrane

In the mitochondria pyruvate molecules are converted into ______ molecules, which can enter the Krebs cycle reactions.

acetyl-CoA

Which molecule can enter the Krebs cycle reactions?​ - ​glucose - ​pyruvate - ​carbon dioxide - ​NADH - ​acetyl-CoA

acetyl-CoA

The portion of an enzyme where the substrate binds is known as the ____.​ - ​receptor site - ​active site - ​target receptor - ​target site - ​contact site

active site

A cell moves sodium ions against its concentration gradient. This is an example of ____.​ - active transport - osmosis - diffusion - facilitated diffusionc - ​diffusion through a channel

active transport

Which transport process requires ATP utilization?​ - ​active transport - ​osmosis - ​diffusion - ​facilitated diffusion - ​diffusion through a channel

active transport

movement of sodium against its concentration gradient

active transport

requires ATP utilization to power membrane pumps

active transport

Dehydration synthesis reactions are forms of ____.​ - ​catabolism - ​anabolism - ​enzymatic deficiency - ​intermediary metabolism - ​denaturation

anabolism

Every living organism must have ____.​ - ​at least one cell - ​a nucleus - ​a cell wall - ​mitochondria - ​oxygen

at least one cell

During Krebs cycle reactions, the waste product gas ______ is produced.

carbon dioxide

Which of the following is NOT an end product of glycolysis?​ - ​total of 4 ATP produced - ​net yield of 2 ATP - ​2 pyruvate molecules - ​carbon dioxide - ​production of a pair of three carbon molecules

carbon dioxide

The process by which cells break down nutrients to produce ATP is known as ____.​ - ​anabolism - ​dehydration synthesis - ​glycolysis - ​cellular respiration - ​ATP activation

cellular respiration

overall process by which cells produce ATP

cellular respiration

Which structure gives rise to microtubules?​ - intermediate filaments - flagella - collagen - ​microfilaments - ​centrioles

centrioles

In places where the public sanitation is poor, people run the risk of getting ____.​ - ​West Nile virus - ​cholera - SARS​ - ​anthrax - ​mononucleosis

cholera

DNA and its attached proteins are known as ____.​ - ​nucleoli - ​the nuclear envelope ​- chromatin ​- nucleotides ​- genes

chromatin

During Krebs cycle reactions the ______ NAD and FAD pick up H+ and electrons for processing in the electron transport system.

coenzymes

A difference in the number of particles in two neighboring solutions is a(n) __________.

concentration gradient

A chromosome ____.​ - ​consists of DNA and its associated proteins - ​is a single stranded DNA molecule - ​anchors the DNA within the nucleus - stabilizes the nuclear membrane - ​is found within the nucleus and cytoplasm

consists of DNA and its associated proteins

What portion of the cell contains microtubules and microfilaments?​ - ​nucleus ​- mitochondria ​- cytoskeleton ​- smooth ER ​- rough ER

cytoskeleton

For charged particles, transport across the cell membrane is influenced by the concentration gradient and ____.​ - the size of the particle - ​pore size - ​electrical gradient - ​ATP production - ​membrane thickness

electrical gradient

uses hydrogen ion gradient to power ATP production

electron transport system

Phagocytosis is a form of ____.​ - ​diffusion - ​endocytosis - ​exocytosis - ​osmosis - ​facilitated diffusion

endocytosis

process would be used by white blood cells to ingest bacteria

endocytosis

vesicular transport mechanism

endocytosis

The organelle with a flattened channel that begins at the nuclear envelope and passes into the cytoplasm is the ____.​ - nucleus - nuclear membrane - Golgi body - endoplasmic reticulum - ​lysosome

endoplasmic reticulum

When an enzyme breaks the bond between the second and third phosphate group on ATP ____.​ - ​energy is released - ​ATP is produced - ​glucose is produced - ​cellular work decreases - metabolism decreases​

energy is released

A thyroid gland cell secretes thyroid hormones into the blood. This is an example of ____.​ - ​diffusion - endocytosis​ - ​exocytosis - ​osmosis - ​facilitated diffusion

exocytosis

Because glucose is a large molecule, it crosses the membrane through _______ diffusion.

facilitated

Glucose moves through a protein transporter down its concentration gradient into the cell. This is an example of ____.​ - diffusion​ - ​endocytosis - ​exocytosis - ​osmosis - ​facilitated diffusion

facilitated diffusion

movement of glucose into the cell

facilitated diffusion

use a transport protein to move amino acids into the cell

facilitated diffusion

Which structure produces cell movements?​ - ​intermediate filaments - ​flagella - ​collagen - ​microfilaments - centrioles​

flagella

Glycolysis depends on a continuous supply of ____.​ - ​NADH - ​pyruvate - ​water - ​glucose - ​oxygen

glucose

What molecule is the body's main energy source?​ - oxygen​ - ​carbon dioxide - ​glucose - ​fats - ​proteins

glucose

Which portion of the plasma membrane carries out most of the membrane's specific functions?​ - proteins - ​lipids - carbohydrates - glycolipids - ​phospholipids

glycolipids

conversion of glucose to pyruvate

glycolysis

package cellular secretions for export

golgi bodies

The term eukaryotic means ____.​ - ​having many nuclei ​- before the nucleus ​- having a true nucleus ​- not having a nucleus ​- not having DNA

having a true nucleus

Which ion accumulates in the outer mitochondrial membrane compartment during electron transport chain reactions?​ - ​hydrogen - ​oxygen - sodium​ - potassium - ​calcium

hydrogen

A cell placed in a(n) _________ solution will swell.

hypotonic

Cholera produces severe diarrhea by ____.​ - ​increasing the rate at which cells pump out ions - ​decreasing osmosis in small intestinal cells - ​blocking ATP production - ​increasing water pumps in small intestinal cells - ​blocking sodium and potassium channels

increasing the rate at which cells pump out ions

Arsenic poisoning affects ATP production by ____.​ - ​using excess oxygen - ​interfering with Krebs cycle and electron transport chain reactions - ​increasing carbon dioxide levels - ​blocking glucose entry into cells - ​blocking the enzymes of glycolysis

interfering with Krebs cycle and electron transport chain reactions

Which cytoskeletal element anchors the proteins actin and myosin to strengthen the cytosol?​ - intermediate filaments - flagella - collagen - microfilaments - ​centrioles

intermediate filaments

The metabolic process _______ converts pyruvate to lactic acid.

lactate fermentation

. In which organ does the smooth ER inactivate drugs and harmful metabolic byproducts?​ - brain -kidney - liver - heart - ​spleen

liver

vesicle that contain enzymes for intracellular digestion

lysosome

Bacteria captured by white blood cells are collected in vesicles and destroyed by ____.​ - smooth ER - peroxisomes - Golgi bodies - ribosomes - ​lysosomes

lysosomes

The chemical reactions in cells are called ____.​ - ​substrate - ​coenzymes - ​receptor sites - ​metabolism - ​active site

metabolism

A photograph formed using a microscope is called a(n) ____.​ - ​spectrograph ​- x-ray ​- stereograph ​- micrograph ​- microphoto

micrograph

The most abundant cytoskeletal elements are ____.​ - intermediate filaments - flagella - microtubules - ​microfilaments - ​centrioles

microtubules

part of cytoskeletal system

microtubules

. The organelle that produces the majority of the cell's ATP is the ____.​ - ribosome - lysosome - mitochondria - vesicle - ​Golgi body

mitochondria

What organelle is the site of ATP production?​ - ​nucleus ​- mitochondria ​- peroxisomes ​- lysosomes ​- Golgi body

mitochondria

site of assembly of ribosomes

nucleoli

An organelle found in the nucleus is known as a ____.​ - ​nucleolus ​- plastid ​- vacuole ​- microvillus ​- basal body

nucleolus

The structure where parts of ribosomes form before passing into the cytoplasm is the ____.​ - nucleus​ - nuclear membrane - Golgi body - ​nucleolus -​ chromosome

nucleolus

In what portion of a eukaryotic cell is the majority of DNA isolated?​ - ​nucleus ​- mitochondria ​- vesicles - cytoplasm​ - lysosome​

nucleus

chromosomes housed here

nucleus

The diffusion of water across a membrane is known as ____.​ - osmosis - active transport - facilitated diffusion - movement through a channel - ​carrier mediated transport

osmosis

movement of water across the membrane

osmosis

process by which a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink

osmosis

The production of ATP in the mitochondria requires ____.​ - ribosomes - ​oxygen - carbon dioxide - vesicles - ​DNA

oxygen

Which molecule is the final electron acceptor at the electron transport chain?​ - ​ATP - ​oxygen - ​phosphate - ​acetyl-CoA - ​NAD and FAD

oxygen

Which particle is able to freely cross the plasma membrane?​ - Na+ - Cl- - oxygen - glucose - ​amino acids

oxygen

Osmosis is a(n) __________ process because it does not require ATP energy.

passive

The organelle that converts harmful hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is the ____.​ - smooth ER​ - ​peroxisome - ​Golgi body - ribosome - ​lysosome

peroxisome

converts hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances

peroxisome

What organelle inactivates toxins?​ - ​nucleus ​- mitochondria ​- peroxisomes ​- lysosomes ​- Golgi body

peroxisomes

During glycolysis, phosphate groups are transferred to glucose from ATP. This process is called ____.​ - ​ionization - ​polymerization - ​phosphorylation - ​dephosphorylation - ​anabolism

phosphorylation

transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule

phosphorylation

Glycolysis reactions involve ____.​ - ​aerobic metabolism - ​phosphorylation reactions - ​mitochondria - ​Krebs cycle reactions - ​electron transport chain reactions

phosphorylation reactions

The plasma membrane is composed of ____.​ - ​water and salts - ​proteins ​- nucleic acids ​- primarily phospholipids - ​proteins and carbohydrates

primarily phospholipids

All enzymes are which type of organic molecule? - ​lipids - ​minerals - ​carbohydrates - ​vitamins - ​proteins

proteins

Which portion of the plasma membrane carries out most of the membrane's specific functions?​ - ​proteins ​- lipids ​- carbohydrates ​- glycolipids ​- phospholipids

proteins

During glycolysis a single glucose molecule is converted into two _______ molecules.

pyruvate

The term substrate is synonymous to the term ____.​ - ​enzyme - ​end product - ​reactant - ​intermediate - ​active site

reactant

In which structure do cilia covered in mucus trap foreign particles?​ - urinary tract - reproductive tract - arteries - respiratory tract - ​digestive tract

respiratory tract

What component of the cell is the site of polypeptide assembly?​ - nucleus​ ​- mitochondria ​- vesicles ​- ribosome ​- lysosome

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

ribosome

The major difference between the smooth and rough ER is that ____.​ - ​smooth ER is isolated to the nucleus - ​vesicles are found only in the smooth ER - rough ER contains ribosomes - smooth ER is the site of polypeptide synthesis - ​rough ER is the site of lipid synthesis

rough ER contains ribosomes

movement of oxygen down its concentration gradient

simple diffusion

movement of sodium down its concentration gradient through a channel

simple diffusion

A nuclear envelope has four of the following characteristics. Which is the exception?​ - single lipid bilayer - ​continuous with endoplasmic reticulum - possesses pores - ​controls passage of substances into and out of nucleus - ​separates DNA from cytoplasm

single lipid bilayer

The measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution is ____.​ - tonicity - osmosis - hydrostatic pressure - diffusion - facilitated diffusion​

tonicity