Chapter 3

Navigation Act of 1651 and navigation acts

-1651 aimed to take free trade from the dutch and their control of world trade -navigation acts required for the most valuable colonial products to be transported to an english ship and sold to english ports before possibly going foreign. same for imports coming in english ships. -this stimulated ship building and the ship building industry.It also caused the merchants, manufacturers, shipbuilders, and sailors to reap benefits from trade, and the government too with income taxes.

the glorious revolution

-A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. securing protestant succession. -william came with 21,000 men, james fled and the revolution was complete. -the Glorious Revolution was in effect a coup engineered by a small group of aristocrats in alliance with an ambitious Dutch prince. no intention to challenge the institution of monarchy. -to justify the ouster james, parliament enacted the English bill of rights in 1689. and the toleration act in the nest years. -the colonies dominated protestant, with anglican and presbyterian growing fast. catholics and dissenters faced discrimination. -this revolution reinforced the colonists sense of sharing freedom and protestantism with the mother country.

the end of the rebellion, and its consequences

-Bacon spoke of traditional English liberties, poor being robbed and cheated by their social superiors, and taking indians land. -in 1676, bacon gathered an armed force, they went against the gov. orders, burned down jamestown. bacon took control and the the forces plundered the estates of berkeley's supporters. warships from england restored order. 23 of his supporters were hanged. -The rebellion's aftermath left Virginia's planter elite to consolidate their power and improve their image. -They restored property qualifications for voting, planters developed a new political style in which they cultivated the support of poorer neighbors., the authorities reduced taxes and adopted a more aggressive Indian policy, opening western areas to small farmers. -To avert the further growth of a rebellious population of landless former indentured servants, Virginia's authorities accelerated the shift to slaves (who would never become free) on the tobacco plantations. -as vrgina reduced the nimber of indentured servents, ot refined their freedom dued to include fifty acres if land.

the founding of carolina

-Carolina was established as a barrier to Spanish expansion north of Florida, by a grant to 8 proprietors from charles 2. -it began as an offshoot in barbados which became the richest in the caribbean and pushed people into carolina for more land. -A slave colony from the start because they attacked indians and enslaved them, racking higher exportation of them than importation of african americans. -Sold captured local Indians to other mainland colonies and to the West Indies. -this sparked the Yamasee uprising because the Yamasee and Creek had debts they incurred in trade with settlers and slaves trader raids, so they rebelled and were crushed. they still would launch some raids agains t english settlement after this too.

Englishmen and Africans

-In the seventeenth century, the concepts of race and racism had not fully developed. -the main lines of division within humanity were thought to be civilization versus barbarism or christianity versus heathenism, not color or race. -Africans were seen as alien in their color, religion, and social practices, so much so that they were seen enslavable i a way that poor white englishmen were not. -indians were seen this way too but they knew the land and would run away, their population hurt bad by disease, and they were native, hard to enslave people on native soil, easier to do it when they are outsiders.

Origins of American Slavery

-With a growing demand for workers, slaves became common in the Chesapeake because they offered far more advantages than indentured servants; Race and racism were not learned back then, but there were anti-black stereotypes as being so alien that they were "enslavable"; The main lines of division were civilization vs. barbarism, not whites vs. blacks; Unlike any other slavery, American slavery was more demanding and had much higher death rates

Land in Pennsylvania

-Penn established an appointed council to originate legislation and an assembly elected by male taxpayers and "freemen," which meant that a majority of the male population could vote. He owned all of the colony's land and sold it to settlers at low prices rather than granting it outright. -Pennsylvania attracted immigrants from all over western Europe with its publicity from penn, healthy climate, inexpensive land, and religious toleration. -sonn, however, many indentured servants sailed to virginia and maryland after the decline of pennsylvania from the opening and conflict with benevolent indian policy.

The rise of chesapeake slavery

-Slaves in records by 1640s, not listed by years serviced unlike the white servants were. -As tobacco planting spread, demand for labor spread and conditions of blacks and whites diverged -Sought to treat white servants better to remove English stigma that Virginia was a death trap and black freedom was retreating. -House of Burgesses in 1667 said that religious conversion did not release slave from bondage. christians could enslave christians. -to prevent spread of black population, interracial babies were deemed illegitimate, and white women with black babies were punished. -by 1680, notions of racial differences were well entrenched in the law. -also, sexual abuse would create more slaves because virgina law in 1662 made the child of the mother have to take the title of what the mother was.

New York and the Indians

-The English briefly held an alliance with the Five Nations known as the Covenant Chain, and the iroquois helped fight other indians and french, giving them a higher status to the new york gov. -soon other indians attacked the Iroquois and by the end of the century the Five Nations adopted a policy of neutrality and so they can still profit off the fur trade and not get hurt.

The Glorious Revolution in America

-The Glorious Revolution exposed fault lines in colonial society and offered local elites an opportunity to regain authority that had recently been challenged. -In 1675, England established the Lords of Trade to oversee colonial affairs, but the colonies were not interested in obeying London. -massachusetts said the navigation acts did not apply to it because they have no representatives in parliament, after the lords asked. -charles 2 revoked massachusetts charter and To create wealth without parliament, between 1686 and 1685 James II created a "super-colony," the Dominion of New England. -The new colony threatened liberties. it was ruled by Sir Edmund Andros, who alienated everyone not dependent on his administration fr favors, imposed taxes without approval, required him to approve land grants, and enforced religious toleration for protestants. -threatened liberties and the church state relationship at the heart d the puritan order.

the conquest of new netherland

-The restoration of the English monarchy came in 1660 with Charles II, sparking new colinol expansion, and the government chartered new trading ventures such as the Royal African Company. -In 1664, during an Anglo-Dutch war, New Netherland came under control of the English. dutch surrendered it to them, trying to hold their other places like africa, asia, and south america. -new netherland was turned into important imperial outpost, a seaport trading with eh caribbean and europe, and launching pad for military operations against the french. -New york grew from 9k to 20k by 1685.

Bacon's rebellion: land and labor in virginia

-Virginia's shift from white indentured servants to African slaves as the main plantation labor force was accelerated by Bacon's Rebellion. -Virginia's government ran a corrupt regime under Governor Berkeley. he gave to his followers with land grants and lucrative offices. -Good, free land was scarce for freed indentured servants, you had to be connected with the governor and you had with death rate falling, less indentured servants could get that land after freedom. -the governor had good trade with the indians and did not want to push them out but people wanted him to to get more good land and he refused. a rebellion began starting with indian massacres growing into a full rebellion. -this reb shows issues within the elite of virginia because other servants, landless men, sad some africans teamed up to fight the governor's decision. --Nathaniel Bacon, an elite planter, called for the removal of all Indians, lower taxes, and an end to rule by "grandees." -His campaign gained support from small farmers, indentured servants, landless men, and even some Africans.

the charter of liberties

-discontent form non representative leader ship had the duke of york agree t call and elected assembly in 1683, whose first act was to draft the charter of liberties and privileges. -charter required elections every three years among male property owners and freemen of new york city. also reaffirmed traditional english rights such as trial by jury and security of property as well as religious toleration for protestants.

the mercantilist system

-england moved in on the european battle of the new world, looking to take over the atlantic trade, take over the eastern coast, and exert greater control over its empire. -the theory: The government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. It should encourage manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, and other measures. Trade should be controlled so that more gold and silver flowed into the country than left it. (England should enjoy the profits arising from the English empire). exports should exceed imports. -commerce was the foundation for the empire, and its what they would use the colonies for mainly, not just territory. -England's new economic policy, mercantilism, rested on the idea that England should monopolize the profits arising from the English empire.

the maryland uprising

-in 1689 the overthrow of James II triggered rebellions in several American colonies -Edmund Andros was jailed by boston militia. the new england colonies established governments that were taken by the dominion. -rebel leader Jacob Leisler established a committee of safety and took control of new york -Maryland's Protestant Association overthrew the government of the colony's Catholic Proprietor, Lord Baltimore -William revoked Baltimore's charter and established a new, protestant dominated government. uprising was successful and Lord Baltimore's family converted before proprietary power was restored in 1715 -the events of 1689 would put a end to maryland's unique history of religious toleration. -(the uprisings were looked for approval by london)

Colonies in Crisis

-king philip's war in 1675-1676, and bacons rebellion the following year coincided with disturbances in other colonies. -Lord Baltimore in 1670 suddenly restricted the right to vote to owners of fifty acres of land or a certain amount of personal property, a protestant uprising unsuccessfully sought to oust hid government and restore the suffrage for all freemen. -increasing settlement on the frontier led to more indians resistance, like a rebellion by Westo indians suppressed in 1680 also pueblo revolt.

Slavery in the West Indies

-planters and government were convinced it was the best solution to the labor shortage; - in the 17th century slaves were shipped from Africa to the New World as an international business and major part of trade economy; -huge sugar plantations manned by hundreds of slaves dominated West Indian economy -developed quickly with sugar as the main crop; eventually more slaves than whites -Sugar was the first crop to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe. before, the market had mostly gold and silver, luxury goods like spices and silks. -sugar was important for french, british, and portuguese empires. And new world sugar plantations produced immense profits for planters, merchants, and imperial governments. -compared to rapid slavery introduction to brazil and west indies, slavery developed slowly in north america. slaves cost more money than servants, and had higher death rates among tobacco workers.

A slave society

-slave labor started to take over servants in the chesapeake between 1680 and 1700. -among bacon rebellion, death rate fell, less transatlantic migrants from England since its condition was strengthening, and the end of a monopoly by the Royal Africa Company opened the door to other traders and reduced the price of imported african slaves. -the house of Burgesses in 1705 ecated a new slave code to make sure there was white supremacy with the slaves growing population. -Blacks became property. -virginia was a society with slaves turned into a slave society, where slavery was in the center if the economic process.

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-the fundamental constitutions of carolina made it a feudal society. however to get settlers fast, they had religious toleration, elected assembly, and headright systems giving land to people who came over and more if you had an indentured servant. -they did not follow the feudal system t=like they planned but with slavery it became hiarical. -they had a religious legal code that promised slaveowners absolute power and authority over human property and included imported slaved in the headright system. -eventually, through the discovery of the staple of rice, carolina would become the wealthiest elite in english north america and the colony the epicenter of slavery.

new york and the rights of englishmen and englishwomen

-the surrender of this land from the dutch meant that to keep the trade flow and people interested, the economic system basically, was founded ton the prosperity of the dutch, being religiously tolerant, and so the english had to adopt that. -however, english law ended the dutch tradition the women conduct business in their own name. -this would push out many women traders in new amsterdam. -they also expelled many free blacks of skilled jobs, unlike dutch law of how to become a freeman. -The duke of york benefited from english rile, and nearly 2 million acres of land were owned by 5 new york families.

Slavery in History

1. Although slavery has a long history, slavery in the North America was markedly different -slavery was based on plantation systems in the americas. -the new world would incorporate the idea of skin color with slavery, so even if free, you were still looked as lower if you were black. -slave labor was tougher in america that frica, and again, skin color deemed you never free unlike in africa. 2. Slavery developed slowly in the New World because slaves were expensive and their death rate was high in the seventeenth century

Notions of Freedom

1. From the start of American slavery, blacks ran away and desired freedom. they even did it in the colonial chesapeake. 2. Settlers were well aware that the desire for freedom could ignite the slaves to rebel. -virgina stopped pathways to freedom in the 1660s because of many reasons, one being kids from europeans africans were sent over, trying to find freedom. -africans always wanted freedom.

Quaker Liberty

1. Quakers believed that liberty was a universal entitlement. a. Liberty extended to women, blacks, and Indians. 2. Religious freedom was a fundamental principle. a. Quakers upheld a strict moral code. -citizenry would be the uniformity for this colony, not religion. -they were the first group of whites to repudiate slavery, hilding liberty as a universal entitlement not possession of single people. -penn appealed to the local indians as he would period refuge and protection for them, plus peace with natives was essential to him. -no church required, but jew had to saw they believed in jesus christ.

Slavery and the Law

The line between slavery and freedom was more permeable in the seventeenth century chesapeake than it would become later. Some free blacks were allowed to sue and testify in court in maryland and virginia. some even managed to purchase land. -however, there were still things against them like the 1620's law that barred blacks from serving on the n=virginia militia. or the 1643 poll tax against african females nt white ones.

the holy experiment

William Penn, a devout member of Society of Friends, or Quakers, put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. -

English Bill of Rights and toleration act

bill of rights gave parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights on individuals, including trial by jury. -toleration act let protestant dissenters to worship freely but not catholics. only anglicans can hold public office though.