Chapter 3 Migration - AP Human Geo

What are the benefits of guest workers permanently remaining in Europe after their work programs were done?

Although relatively low paid by European standards, immigrants could earn far more than they would at home. By letting their people work elsewhere, poorer countries reduce their own unemployment problems. Immigrants also help their native countries by sending remittances back home to their families.

Interregional migration in Brazil

As in China, most Brazilians live in a string of large cities near the East Coast. Brazil's tropical interior is sparsely inhabited. To increase the attractiveness of the interior, the government moved its capital in 1960 from Rio de Janeiro to a newly built city called Brasília, situated 900 kilometers (600 miles) from the Atlantic Coast. Development of Brazil's interior has altered historic migration patterns into the large urban areas along the coast. The coastal areas now have net out-migration, whereas the interior areas have net in-migration.

define brain drain

Brain drain is a large-scale emigration by talented people (skilled workers). In response to the U.S.'s preference for skilled workers, other countries state that when scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professionals/skilled workers migrate to other countries where they can make better use of and profit from their abilities, the countries in which they emigrated from are left with shortages of skilled professionals and uneducated people.

Interregional migration in Canada

Canada, like the United States, has had interregional migration primarily from east to west for more than a century. Between 2011 and 2017, Alberta had the largest net in-migration and Québec the largest net out-migration. The three largest interprovincial flows in Canada are from Ontario to Alberta, from British Columbia to Alberta, and from Alberta to British Columbia.

what are the four countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?

China (including Hong Kong), the Philippines, India, and Vietnam

counterurbanization

Counterurbanization is the net migration from urban to rural areas in developed countries (began in the late 20th century). As with suburbanization, people move from urban to rural areas for lifestyle reasons. Some are lured to rural areas by the prospect of swapping the frantic pace of urban life for the opportunity to live on a farm, where they can own horses or grow vegetables. Others move to farms but do not earn their living from agriculture; instead, they work in nearby offices, small town shops, or other services. In the United States, evidence of counterurbanization can be seen primarily in the Rocky Mountain states. Some rural counties in states such as Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming have experienced net in-migration

who wrote about the principles of migration?

E.G. Ravenstein

how are migrants looking for economic advancement and refugees treated differently by the U.S., Canada, and European countries?

Economic migrants are generally not admitted unless they are a skilled worker, or already have a close relative there. However, refugees sometimes receive special priority in admission to other countries.

U.S. immigration law gives preferences to groups. Identify those preferences.

Family reunification, skilled workers, and diversity lottery

Interregional migration in China

In developing countries, the predominant flow of interregional migration is from rural to urban areas where jobs are more likely to be available. More than 150 million Chinese have emigrated from rural areas in the interior of the country. They are headed for the large urban areas along the East Coast, where jobs are especially plentiful in factories.

what is a quota

In reference to migration, a quota is a law establishing maximum limits on the number of documented people who can immigrate to a country each year

what did the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 do?

It restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3 percent of the number of residents from that same country living in the United States.

What did the National Origins Act in 1924 do?

It stated that for each country that had native-born persons already living in the United States, 2 percent of their number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate each year. This ensured that most immigrants would come from Europe.

What are some of the attitudes of Europeans towards immigrants?

Many political parties in many European countries blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs. Anti-immigration parties also fear that long-standing cultural traditions of the host country are threatened by immigrants who practice different religions, speak different languages, and practice different food and cultural habits.

what are refugees?

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. They migrate to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, etc.

What are unauthorized immigrants?

People who enter a country without proper documents to do so.

what were the guest worker programs in europe?

Programs operated mainly during the 1960s and 1970s in which people from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs. They were protected by minimum-wage laws, labor union contracts, and other support programs. Guest worker programs were expected to be examples of circular migration, and guest workers were expected to return to their countries of origin once their work was done.

What happened after guest worker programs were completed in Europe?

Rather than circular migrants, many immigrants who arrived originally under the guest worker program have remained permanently in Europe. They, along with their children and grandchildren, have become citizens of the host country. The term guest worker is no longer used in Europe, and the government programs no longer exist.

Suburbanization

Suburbanization is the process of movement of populations from cities to more secluded residential areas. It occurs primarily in developed countries, and it is done because people are attracted to a suburban lifestyle.

what is the population center?

The "center of population gravity" - the average location of everyone in the country. If the U.S. were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the pin.

How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?

The Immigration Act of 1965 changed existing quota laws by replacing quotas for individual countries with hemisphere quotas: 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere.

How was immigration law further changed in 1978?

The global quota of 290,000 was set, including a maximum of 20,000 per country.

How did the global quota of the U.S. change in 1990?

The global quota was raised to 700,00.

What happened in 1950 - 2010: Moving South

The population center resumed a more vigorous westward migration. It also moved southward, as Americans migrated to the South for job opportunities and a warmer climate. The rapid growth of population and employment in the South has aggravated interregional antagonism. Some industries have relocated from the Northeast and Midwest, but most of the South's industrial growth comes from newly established companies. Interregional migration has slowed considerably in the United States into the twenty-first century. Regional differences in employment prospects have become less dramatic. The severe recession of 2008-09 discouraged people from migrating because of limited job prospects in all regions.

What was it like in 1850 - 1890: Rushing to the Gold

The population center shifted westward more rapidly during this period. Rather than continuing to expand agriculture into the next available westward land, mid-nineteenth-century pioneers kept going all the way to California. The principal pull to California was the Gold Rush, beginning in the late 1840s. Pioneers during this period also passed over the Great Plains because of the physical environment. The region's dry climate, lack of trees, and tough grassland sod convinced leaders such as Thomas Jefferson and explorers such as Zebulon Pike that the region was a desert unfit for farming. Government maps at the time labeled the Great Plains as the Great American Desert.

Interregional migration in Russia

The population of Russia is highly clustered in the western, or European, portion of the country. To open up the sparsely inhabited Asian portion of Russia, interregional migration was important in the former Soviet Union. Soviet policy encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than near existing population concentrations. To build up an adequate labor force, the Soviet government had to force people to undertake interregional migration. In recent years, this pattern has reversed, with net in-migration to the western regions bordering Europe where the largest cities and job opportunities are clustered.

How is the term "undocumented immigrants" different than the term "unauthorized immigrants?"

The term "undocumented immigrants" is different because it is preferred by some groups that advocate for more rights for the individuals that immigrate without documents.

What was it like in 1900 - 1940: Filling in the Great Plains

The westward movement of the U.S. population center slowed during this period because emigration from Europe to the East Coast offset most of the emigration from the East Coast to the U.S. West. Also, immigrants began to fill in the Great Plains that earlier generations had bypassed (Figure 3-15). Advances in agricultural technology enabled people to cultivate the area. Farmers used barbed wire to reduce dependence on wood fencing, the steel plow to cut the thick sod, and windmills and well-drilling equipment to pump more water. The expansion of the railroads encouraged settlement of the Great Plains. The federal government gave large land grants to the railroad companies, which were able to finance construction of their lines by selling portions to farmers. The extensive rail network then permitted settlers to transport their products to the large concentrations of customers in East Coast cities.

What was it like in 1800-1840: Crossing the Appalachians

Transportation improvements, especially the building of canals in the northeast, helped to open the interior. Most important was the Erie Canal, which enabled people to travel inexpensively by boat between New York City and the Great Lakes. In 1840, the United States had 5,352 kilometers (3,326 miles) of canals. Encouraged by the opportunity to obtain a large amount of land at a low price, people moved into forested river valleys between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River. They cut down the trees and used the wood to build homes, barns, and fences.

urbanization

Urbanization is the process of transforming rural areas into cities with the movement and clustering of people in towns and cities mainly for prospective economic opportunities.

migration transition

a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

migration

a permanent move to a new location

what is internal migration

a permanent move within the same country

what are guest workers

a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job.

intervening obstacles

an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration (can be good or bad). Intervening obstacles are usually environmental: long, arduous, and expensive passage over land by sea. Transportation improvements have diminished environmental obstacles. Today, the major obstacles faced by most immigrants are political. Legally, a migrant needs a passport to emigrate from a country and a visa to immigrate to a new country. Intervening obstacles often cause people to engage in step migration

what are skilled workers

anyone who has a skill in a trade, such as plumbers, electricians, engineers, steel workers, welders, etc

The United States is inhabited overwhelmingly by....

direct descendants of immigrants

what are the three main reasons why people migrate?

economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

what are pull factors?

factors that induce people to move into a new location, attracts them

what are push factors?

factors that induce people to move out of their present location

net out-migration

if the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, and the net migration is negative

net in-migration

if the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants and the net migration is positive

in the past, why did people migrate from one region of a country to another?

in search of better farmland. Lack of farmland pushed many people from the more densely settled regions of the country and lured them to the frontier, where land was abundant.

what 2 types of migration can internal migration be divided into?

interregional migration and intraregional migration

emigration

migration from a location

Today, what is the principal type of interregional migration?

migration from rural to urban areas. most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas.

define family-based migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there

what is step migration?

migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination

immigration

migration to a location

what is interregional migration?

movement from one region of a country to another region of the same country. Historically, the main type of interregional migration has been from rural to urban areas in search of jobs

mobility

one's ability to move from place to place

international migration

permanent move from one country to another, primarily a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of the DTM

Intraregional migration

permanent movement within one region of a country. The main type of intraregional migration is from rural to urban areas in developing countries, and from cities to suburbs in developed countries. Intraregional migration is much more common than interregional or international migration.

circulation

short-term, repetitive, cyclical movements that occur on a regular basis

what is an internally displaced person (IDP)

someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

what is an asylum seeker?

someone who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee

what is a floodplain?

the area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, according to historical trends. People living in the "100-year floodplain" can expect flooding once every century.

net migration

the difference between the level of immigration and the level of immigration

what is forced migration

the migrant has been compelled to move by political or environmental factors

what is voluntary migration

the migrant has chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, though sometimes for environmental reasons

what is circular migration

the temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment

what are remittances

transfer of money by workers to the people living gin the country from which they emigrated. Migrants who find work in another country frequently send a portion of the wages they have earned to relatives back home. Remittances are a significant portion of basic income for people in developing countries, especially following cutbacks in official assistance from foreign governments and international aid agencies.

what 2 types of migration are international migration divided into?

voluntary migration and forced migration

What are Ravenstein's principles that help geographers explain the reasons why people migrate?

1. Most people migrate for economic reasons. 2. Political and environmental reasons also induce migration, although not as much as economic reasons.

Most countries, including the U.S., have adopted legal restrictions and selective immigration policies that admit some types of immigrants but not others. What factors influence these policies toward immigrants and refugees?

1. Public opinion: for or against admitting migrants 2. Economic: positive and negative impacts of newcomers on the local economy 3. Resources: ability of the country to accommodate newcomers 4. International Relations: perception of humanitarian responsibility among the family of nations

What three groups can Ravenstein's principles be organized into?

1. The distance that migrants typically move 2. The reasons why migrants move 3. The characteristics of migrants

what are the three main areas of immigration for the U.S.?

1. colonial settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries 2. mass European immigration in the late 19th century and early 20th century 3. Asian and Latin American immigration in the late 20th and early 21st centuries

what are the 3 largest flows of migrants?

1. from Latin America to North America 2. from Asia to Europe 3. from Asia to North America

The U.N. classifies countries according to four types of immigration policies:

1. maintain the current level of immigration 2. increase the level of immigration 3. reduce the level of immigration 4. no policy According to the U.N., 24 countries seek more immigrants, 25 want fewer immigrants, 120 wish to maintain the current level, and 27 do not have a policy. Fourteen of the 24 countries with policies to encourage more immigration are in Europe, including most of the former Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The 25 countries with policies to reduce immigration include 11 in Asia and 7 in Africa

What was it like in 1790: Hugging the Coast

14 years after American independence, virtually all colonial-era settlements were near the Atlantic coast. Few colonists ventured far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and to export raw materials. The Appalachian Mountains were the first intervening obstacle that hindered western development because of their steep slopes, thick forests, and thick gaps that allowed easy passage. Native Americans still occupied large areas and resisted expansion of colonial settlement.

what are environmental pull factors for migrants?

Attractive environments for migrants include mountains, seasides, and warm climates. Regions with warm winters attract migrants from harsher climates.