Chapter 3

Which of the following is a main feature of emerging adulthood?

Instability in work and living arrangements

Identify the outcomes associated with growing up in impoverished urban communities. (Select all that apply.)

Involvement in criminal activity Early sexual activity High school drop out Poor academic achievement

Which of the following must be answered in cases where a juvenile might be tried as an adult?

Is the juvenile competent to stand trial?

Research indicates that emerging adulthood exists in ______.

very few cultures

In the United States, the process of social redefinition typically begins at what age?

15 or 16

According to research on suicide rates, individuals at what age are at the highest risk for suicide?

19

Today, about ______% of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups.

45

In the middle of the nineteenth century, adolescence lasted about ______ year(s).

5

Which of the following phenomena does a quinceañera represent?

A cohort bonding experience

Which of the following examples illustrates why social redefinition in contemporary society does not give adolescents any clear indication of when their responsibilities and privileges as an adult begin?

Adolescents can get a drivers license at age 16 but cannot drink legally until they are 21.

Research on immigrant adolescents suggests that ______ appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.

Americanization

Which ceremony is common for Jewish males?

Bar Mitzvah

In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that students who wanted to form a Bible study group had the right to meet on campus because high school students are mature enough to understand that a school can permit the expression of ideas that it does not necessarily endorse?

Board of Education v. Mergens

Which of the following statements about historic trends in adolescence is true?

By 2010, it took 15 years for the average girl to go from menarche to marriage.

Which group of individuals helped to inspire organizations like the Boy Scouts and other adult-supervised youth clubs in the early twentieth century?

Child protectionists

Identify the consequences associated with adolescents' exposure to neighborhood violence. (Select all that apply.)

Depression Callousness Precocious sex Post traumatic stress disorder Substance abuse

Identify the factors that help protect adolescents from the negative effects of violent neighborhoods. (Select all that apply.)

Extracurricular involvement Positive family relationships Strong religious beliefs

Identify all of the following outcomes that are associated with poverty.

Failure in school Delinquency Unemployment Teen pregnancy

True or false: It is easier to determine who is a juvenile and who is an adult based on physical appearance in contemporary societies than in traditional societies.

False

True or false: There is a causal relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and negative outcomes in adolescence.

False

(Foreign/Native) -born adolescents generally have better mental health, exhibit less problem behavior, and perform better in school

Foreign

Which of the following was considered a marker of adulthood for the baby boom generation?

Getting married

Which of the following is an example of the differential treatment of adolescent boys and girls in non-Western cultures?

Girls' behavior is more subject to the control of adults than

Which of the following have made the transition from adolescence to adulthood longer and increasingly more discontinuous all over the world? (Select all that apply.)

Globalization Modernization

Which of the following reduces an adolescent's risk of experiencing the harmful effects of exposure to violence?

Having strong family ties

In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that a public high school can censor articles written by students for the school newspaper?

Hazelwood v. Kihlmeier

According to current estimates, which of the following will be the largest adolescent group in the United States by the end of the twenty-first century?

Hispanic Americans

According to the inventionist view, when did adolescence as we know it today begin?

In the Industrial Revolution

Which of the following explains why more young adults are living at home with their parents than at any other time in the past century? (Select all that apply.)

Increased housing costs Increased college attendance Increased transportation costs

Which of the following is reported by about half the young Americans who live at home with their parents?

It has not affected their relationship.

Which of the following is true of male circumcision in the United States? (Select all that apply.)

It may be done for health reasons. It may be done for religious reasons.

In ______, the Bar or Bat/Bas Mitzvah is a religious ceremony that marks the young person's transition to adulthood.

Judaism

Which of the following increases an impoverished adolescent's likelihood of engaging in delinquent behaviors?

Lacking any affluent neighbors

Among which of the following groups is living with one's parents in late adolescence and early adulthood most likely to foster positive feelings and close family relationships? (Select all that apply.)

Latino Americans and Asian Americans

What is now the most common living arrangement for Americans between the ages of 18 and 34?

Living with parents

Maria is 19 years old and her great-great-grandmother Luisa grew up in the mid-1900s. Which of the following statements about Maria and Luisa is most likely true?

Luisa was expected to feed, dress, and care for her younger siblings.

Nova comes from a middle-class community, whereas Nikki comes from an affluent community. Both girls are 16 years old. Which of the following statements is true?

Nikki is more likely to experience anxiety and depression.

In which of the following societies would there be high continuity in the transition from adolescence to adulthood?

One in which hunting is the chief work activity

Which of the following explains why globalization has lengthened the transition from adolescence to adulthood?

Participation in the workforce now requires extended formal education.

Which of the following is associated with harsh, inconsistent, and punitive parenting?

Poverty

In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, experiences in which of the following domains were closely linked to changes in well-being? (Select all that apply.)

Romance Citizenship Work

An initiation ceremony in which scars are placed on the young person's body is referred to as

Scarification

The lengthening of adolescence as a developmental period has had important implications for how young people do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

See themselves Develop psychologically Relate to others

In traditional societies—in contrast to contemporary societies—which of the following are commonly used to help members of the community distinguish between initiated and uninitiated young people? (Select all that apply.)

Special types of clothing Surgical operations Scarification

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to benefit from a mentoring program?

Tanner, whose relationships with family and friends are good but not great

In the United States, which of the following is dictated by the age of majority?

The age at which individuals may marry without parental permission

How will the high birthrate in poor and developing countries change adolescence around the world?

The distribution of the world's adolescents will change dramatically.

Around what time did adolescence come to be viewed as a lengthy period of preparation for adulthood?

The late nineteenth century

Identify two specific societal trends that are reshaping the nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood. (Select all that apply.)

The length of the transitional period is increasing. The division between the "haves" and "have-nots" is growing.

Which of the following phenomena has contributed to the lengthening of adolescence?

The need for extended formal education has increased.

Ali is a 15-year-old who has been involved in underage drinking and destruction of property. Which of the following would an inventionist cite as an important cause of these delinquent behaviors?

The way that young people like Ali are treated by society

True or false: According to the inventionists, adolescence is defined primarily by the ways in which society recognizes (or does not recognize) the period as distinct from childhood or adulthood.

True

True or false: During late childhood, children in some societies are expected to start sleeping in households other than their own.

True

Which of the following has research failed to establish?

Whether there is a distinct psychological state of emerging adulthood

Parents who live in poor neighborhoods often monitor their children more vigilantly than those in more affluent neighborhoods. What phenomenon does this help explain?

Why adolescents who move to affluent neighborhoods from poor neighborhoods often have worse outcomes

Which of the following features of modern adolescence is most similar to adolescence in previous eras?

Working at unpaid internships

In many American Indian groups, such as the Navajo or Apache, it is only after ______ that adolescents are granted adult status.

a formal initiation ceremony

In traditional cultures, the passage from childhood into adolescence is marked by ______.

a formal initiation ceremony

Social redefinition during adolescence is ______.

a series of events

In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, ______ of the sample experienced a substantial change in mental health between age 18 and their mid-20s.

a small but significant amount

Evaluations of mentoring programs indicate that they have ______.

a small, positive effect on youth development

Harsh, punitive parenting is linked to ______.

adolescent misbehavior

As we move further into the twenty-first century, fewer and fewer teenagers will come from ______.

affluent parts of the world

Mentoring programs are most effective when they take place over ______.

an extended period

Tom's father, William, was a teenager in the early 1960s. William is a member of the ______.

baby boom generation

Today's young people are often compared to the ___ generation, who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s and have provided the basis for many of the images of modern family life.

baby boomer

Experts regarding adolescence tend to think of it as ______.

beginning with a biological indicator and ending with a social one

Today, experts define adolescence as beginning in ______ and ending in ______.

biology; culture

In some cultures, adolescents undergo scarification during the process of social redefinition. A related practice in Western nations, such as the United States, is ______. (Select all that apply.)

body piercing tattooing shaving the legs and face applying makeup

Female___ is also known as female genital mutilation.

circumcision

is a procedure in which some part of the genitals is cut and permanently altered.

circumcision

In traditional cultures, social redefinition during adolescence is very (clear/unclear)

clear

In social science research, Eugene and his 11th-grade classmates represent a(n) ______.

cohort

is a group of peers of approximately the same age who move through a series of status transitions together.

cohort

Monitoring adolescent behavior is a characteristic of ______.

collective efficacy

The extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community is referred to as

collective efficacy

The extent to which the adolescent's transition into adulthood is gradual or abrupt is known as ______.

continuity

The juvenile justice system operates under (similar/different) rules and principles than the criminal justice system.

different

Hailey, age 23, just finished college. Because her parents were financially well-off, she never worked during high school or college. She recently landed her first job in marketing. Hailey's development can best be described as _____.

discontinuous

In contemporary society, the transition into work roles is fairly (continuous/discontinuous) for many young people.

discontinuous

Passage into adult citizenship and decision-making roles is highly (continuous/discontinuous) in contemporary Western society.

discontinuous

Witnessing gun violence ______ an adolescent's risk for committing violence in the future.

doubles

It is possible that ______ forces have delayed the transition into social adulthood but have not affected the transition into psychological adulthood.

economic

Emilio is 23 years old. In industrialized societies, Emilio would be categorized as a(n) ______.

emerging adult

Malcolm, age 24, is currently exploring possible identities in work, romance, and politics. He is a college graduate but has had four jobs in the past two years. He has dated several women, with none of his relationships lasting more than five or six months. He is currently living at home to get on his feet and save money. Malcolm is demonstrating characteristics of ______.

emerging adulthood

The transition to adulthood has become so delayed in many industrialized societies that some have argued that there is a new stage in life known as

emerging adulthood

True or false: Changes in social definition have little effect on relationships with others.

false

True or false: Social redefinition in contemporary society gives adolescents a clear indication of when their responsibilities and privileges begin.

false

In neighborhoods with higher levels of resources and greater feelings of cohesion, adults' beliefs about teenagers tend to be ______.

favorable

Identify the three key elements of the transition to adulthood during the 1960s. (Select all that apply.)

getting married moving out completing ones college education

In the past 40 years, poverty has become more concentrated, leading to ______.

greater clustering of families into economically and racially segregated communities

Compared to teenagers in middle-class communities, adolescents in wealthy neighborhoods report (higher/lower) levels of delinquency, anxiety, and depression.

higher

In many non-Western societies, adolescence is ______.

highly sex-differentiated

Among middle-class families in the Industrial Revolution, adolescents spent a great deal of time ______.

in school and with peers

Most of the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development are (direct/indirect) .

indirect

The impact of living amid low collective efficacy is especially bad among ______.

individuals who are impulsive or insensitive to the feelings of others

According to Margaret Mead, in hunting, fishing, and farming societies, the emphasis is on ______ rather than ______.

informal education in context; formal education in schools

A(n) ___ ceremony is a formal induction of a young person into adulthood.

initiation

Professor Noris believes that adolescence is not actually a period of the life cycle; rather, it is a social invention. Professor Noris' beliefs are consistent with the __ perspective.

inventionist

Many international groups have argued that female circumcision ______.

is a human rights issue

The existence of emerging adulthood ______.

is not apparent in all cultures

Today's transition to adulthood is best described as ______.

just as disorderly and prolonged as it was in the nineteenth century

Nolan, age 13, was arrested for shoplifting. Nolan's crime will be adjudicated in the ______.

juvenile justice system

During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, boys often ______.

learned work skills from their fathers

Research indicates that juveniles are ______.

less likely than adults to understand their rights

In a study of individuals ages 17 to 29, the best predictor of subjective age was participants' ______.

level of psychosocial maturity

Under conditions of (low/high) collective efficacy, social problems are contagious.

low

One issue that continues to face contemporary society is whether sexually active individuals who are not yet legal adults should be able to ______.

make independent decisions about matters such as abortion

The age at which people ______ is even more reliably documented than the age of menarche.

marry

Of all the possible markers of the beginning and end of adolescence, ______ and ______ are probably the best ones to use in order to see if adolescence has actually gotten longer.

menstruation; marriage

programs seek to pair adolescents with young people through community or school-based efforts designed to facilitate positive youth development, improve academic achievement, and deter antisocial behavior.

mentor

In the ______, young adolescents commonly worked as apprentices, learning skills and trades.

mid-1800s

Poverty has become (more/less) concentrated over the past 40 years.

more

Because poor families tend to live in poor neighborhoods, it is not always easy to separate the effects of (neighborhood/economic) disadvantage from the effects of (family/economic) disadvantage.

neighborhood; family

In the United States, ______ contemporary youths regard being married as a necessary characteristic for adulthood.

only a small percentage of

In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, ______% of the sample showed great stability in their well-being over the period.

over 80

Social redefinition usually entails the real or symbolic separation of young persons from their ______.

parents

Research shows that (affluent/poor) youngsters are more likely to encounter transitional problems during middle and late adolescence.

poor

Child ___ were individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents need to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace.

protectionist

In societies that have formal rites of passage, ______ has long been used to indicate when people are no longer children.

puberty

Jasmine is a Mexican American teenager. Tomorrow, she will be celebrating her ______, an elaborate celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many Latino communities.

quinceañera

Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is (smooth/rocky)

rocky

In modern societies, attaining the age of legal majority, starting a full-time job, or moving out of one's parents' house are ______ that are used to draw the line between adolescence and adulthood.

social indicators

Recognition that an individual's status has changed from child to adult is an example of ______.

social redefinition

A ____ refers to a behavior that is problematic because of the young person's status as a juvenile.

status offense

Theo, age 17, was recently arrested at an underage drinking party. Underage drinking is considered a(n) ______.

status offense

Sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent is known as

statutory rape

"______" is a term popularized about 75 years ago to refer to young people.

teenager

The term (teenager/adolescent) suggests a more frivolous and lighthearted image than the term (teenager/adolescent) .

teenager; adolescent

Which is contributing to the lengthening of the transition from adolescence to adulthood?

the increase in jobs requiring more years of formal education

The age of majority is also referred to as ________.

the legal age for adult status

Today's view of adolescence started among ______.

the middle class

According to the inventionists, problems like delinquency in contemporary society are the result of ______.

the way that adolescence is defined

True or false: During the Industrial Revolution, adolescents were among those most dramatically affected by changes in work, education, and family life.

true

Most studies show that the suicide rate among young adults is ______ what it is among teenagers.

twice

In the agricultural world of the sixteenth or seventeenth century, the main distinction between children and adults was based on ______.

whether they owned property

A term whose acceptance grew as a result of social change is "______."

youth

During the 1960s, many adults referred to the changes they saw in attitudes and values among college students as the ______ movement.

youth

Keniston (1970) argued that ___ is a separate stage in the life cycle, similar to the concept of emerging adulthood.

youth

Today, "______" is a term used to refer to an individual aged 18 to 22, though it once referred to an individual aged 12 to 24.

youth

The term (adolescent/youth) was used long before the word (adolescent/youth) .

youth; adolescent