Chapter 3
Which of the following is a main feature of emerging adulthood?
Instability in work and living arrangements
Identify the outcomes associated with growing up in impoverished urban communities. (Select all that apply.)
Involvement in criminal activity Early sexual activity High school drop out Poor academic achievement
Which of the following must be answered in cases where a juvenile might be tried as an adult?
Is the juvenile competent to stand trial?
Research indicates that emerging adulthood exists in ______.
very few cultures
In the United States, the process of social redefinition typically begins at what age?
15 or 16
According to research on suicide rates, individuals at what age are at the highest risk for suicide?
19
Today, about ______% of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups.
45
In the middle of the nineteenth century, adolescence lasted about ______ year(s).
5
Which of the following phenomena does a quinceañera represent?
A cohort bonding experience
Which of the following examples illustrates why social redefinition in contemporary society does not give adolescents any clear indication of when their responsibilities and privileges as an adult begin?
Adolescents can get a drivers license at age 16 but cannot drink legally until they are 21.
Research on immigrant adolescents suggests that ______ appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.
Americanization
Which ceremony is common for Jewish males?
Bar Mitzvah
In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that students who wanted to form a Bible study group had the right to meet on campus because high school students are mature enough to understand that a school can permit the expression of ideas that it does not necessarily endorse?
Board of Education v. Mergens
Which of the following statements about historic trends in adolescence is true?
By 2010, it took 15 years for the average girl to go from menarche to marriage.
Which group of individuals helped to inspire organizations like the Boy Scouts and other adult-supervised youth clubs in the early twentieth century?
Child protectionists
Identify the consequences associated with adolescents' exposure to neighborhood violence. (Select all that apply.)
Depression Callousness Precocious sex Post traumatic stress disorder Substance abuse
Identify the factors that help protect adolescents from the negative effects of violent neighborhoods. (Select all that apply.)
Extracurricular involvement Positive family relationships Strong religious beliefs
Identify all of the following outcomes that are associated with poverty.
Failure in school Delinquency Unemployment Teen pregnancy
True or false: It is easier to determine who is a juvenile and who is an adult based on physical appearance in contemporary societies than in traditional societies.
False
True or false: There is a causal relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and negative outcomes in adolescence.
False
(Foreign/Native) -born adolescents generally have better mental health, exhibit less problem behavior, and perform better in school
Foreign
Which of the following was considered a marker of adulthood for the baby boom generation?
Getting married
Which of the following is an example of the differential treatment of adolescent boys and girls in non-Western cultures?
Girls' behavior is more subject to the control of adults than
Which of the following have made the transition from adolescence to adulthood longer and increasingly more discontinuous all over the world? (Select all that apply.)
Globalization Modernization
Which of the following reduces an adolescent's risk of experiencing the harmful effects of exposure to violence?
Having strong family ties
In which of the following court cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that a public high school can censor articles written by students for the school newspaper?
Hazelwood v. Kihlmeier
According to current estimates, which of the following will be the largest adolescent group in the United States by the end of the twenty-first century?
Hispanic Americans
According to the inventionist view, when did adolescence as we know it today begin?
In the Industrial Revolution
Which of the following explains why more young adults are living at home with their parents than at any other time in the past century? (Select all that apply.)
Increased housing costs Increased college attendance Increased transportation costs
Which of the following is reported by about half the young Americans who live at home with their parents?
It has not affected their relationship.
Which of the following is true of male circumcision in the United States? (Select all that apply.)
It may be done for health reasons. It may be done for religious reasons.
In ______, the Bar or Bat/Bas Mitzvah is a religious ceremony that marks the young person's transition to adulthood.
Judaism
Which of the following increases an impoverished adolescent's likelihood of engaging in delinquent behaviors?
Lacking any affluent neighbors
Among which of the following groups is living with one's parents in late adolescence and early adulthood most likely to foster positive feelings and close family relationships? (Select all that apply.)
Latino Americans and Asian Americans
What is now the most common living arrangement for Americans between the ages of 18 and 34?
Living with parents
Maria is 19 years old and her great-great-grandmother Luisa grew up in the mid-1900s. Which of the following statements about Maria and Luisa is most likely true?
Luisa was expected to feed, dress, and care for her younger siblings.
Nova comes from a middle-class community, whereas Nikki comes from an affluent community. Both girls are 16 years old. Which of the following statements is true?
Nikki is more likely to experience anxiety and depression.
In which of the following societies would there be high continuity in the transition from adolescence to adulthood?
One in which hunting is the chief work activity
Which of the following explains why globalization has lengthened the transition from adolescence to adulthood?
Participation in the workforce now requires extended formal education.
Which of the following is associated with harsh, inconsistent, and punitive parenting?
Poverty
In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, experiences in which of the following domains were closely linked to changes in well-being? (Select all that apply.)
Romance Citizenship Work
An initiation ceremony in which scars are placed on the young person's body is referred to as
Scarification
The lengthening of adolescence as a developmental period has had important implications for how young people do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
See themselves Develop psychologically Relate to others
In traditional societies—in contrast to contemporary societies—which of the following are commonly used to help members of the community distinguish between initiated and uninitiated young people? (Select all that apply.)
Special types of clothing Surgical operations Scarification
Which of the following adolescents is most likely to benefit from a mentoring program?
Tanner, whose relationships with family and friends are good but not great
In the United States, which of the following is dictated by the age of majority?
The age at which individuals may marry without parental permission
How will the high birthrate in poor and developing countries change adolescence around the world?
The distribution of the world's adolescents will change dramatically.
Around what time did adolescence come to be viewed as a lengthy period of preparation for adulthood?
The late nineteenth century
Identify two specific societal trends that are reshaping the nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood. (Select all that apply.)
The length of the transitional period is increasing. The division between the "haves" and "have-nots" is growing.
Which of the following phenomena has contributed to the lengthening of adolescence?
The need for extended formal education has increased.
Ali is a 15-year-old who has been involved in underage drinking and destruction of property. Which of the following would an inventionist cite as an important cause of these delinquent behaviors?
The way that young people like Ali are treated by society
True or false: According to the inventionists, adolescence is defined primarily by the ways in which society recognizes (or does not recognize) the period as distinct from childhood or adulthood.
True
True or false: During late childhood, children in some societies are expected to start sleeping in households other than their own.
True
Which of the following has research failed to establish?
Whether there is a distinct psychological state of emerging adulthood
Parents who live in poor neighborhoods often monitor their children more vigilantly than those in more affluent neighborhoods. What phenomenon does this help explain?
Why adolescents who move to affluent neighborhoods from poor neighborhoods often have worse outcomes
Which of the following features of modern adolescence is most similar to adolescence in previous eras?
Working at unpaid internships
In many American Indian groups, such as the Navajo or Apache, it is only after ______ that adolescents are granted adult status.
a formal initiation ceremony
In traditional cultures, the passage from childhood into adolescence is marked by ______.
a formal initiation ceremony
Social redefinition during adolescence is ______.
a series of events
In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, ______ of the sample experienced a substantial change in mental health between age 18 and their mid-20s.
a small but significant amount
Evaluations of mentoring programs indicate that they have ______.
a small, positive effect on youth development
Harsh, punitive parenting is linked to ______.
adolescent misbehavior
As we move further into the twenty-first century, fewer and fewer teenagers will come from ______.
affluent parts of the world
Mentoring programs are most effective when they take place over ______.
an extended period
Tom's father, William, was a teenager in the early 1960s. William is a member of the ______.
baby boom generation
Today's young people are often compared to the ___ generation, who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s and have provided the basis for many of the images of modern family life.
baby boomer
Experts regarding adolescence tend to think of it as ______.
beginning with a biological indicator and ending with a social one
Today, experts define adolescence as beginning in ______ and ending in ______.
biology; culture
In some cultures, adolescents undergo scarification during the process of social redefinition. A related practice in Western nations, such as the United States, is ______. (Select all that apply.)
body piercing tattooing shaving the legs and face applying makeup
Female___ is also known as female genital mutilation.
circumcision
is a procedure in which some part of the genitals is cut and permanently altered.
circumcision
In traditional cultures, social redefinition during adolescence is very (clear/unclear)
clear
In social science research, Eugene and his 11th-grade classmates represent a(n) ______.
cohort
is a group of peers of approximately the same age who move through a series of status transitions together.
cohort
Monitoring adolescent behavior is a characteristic of ______.
collective efficacy
The extent to which neighbors trust each other, share common values, and count on each other to monitor the activities of youth in the community is referred to as
collective efficacy
The extent to which the adolescent's transition into adulthood is gradual or abrupt is known as ______.
continuity
The juvenile justice system operates under (similar/different) rules and principles than the criminal justice system.
different
Hailey, age 23, just finished college. Because her parents were financially well-off, she never worked during high school or college. She recently landed her first job in marketing. Hailey's development can best be described as _____.
discontinuous
In contemporary society, the transition into work roles is fairly (continuous/discontinuous) for many young people.
discontinuous
Passage into adult citizenship and decision-making roles is highly (continuous/discontinuous) in contemporary Western society.
discontinuous
Witnessing gun violence ______ an adolescent's risk for committing violence in the future.
doubles
It is possible that ______ forces have delayed the transition into social adulthood but have not affected the transition into psychological adulthood.
economic
Emilio is 23 years old. In industrialized societies, Emilio would be categorized as a(n) ______.
emerging adult
Malcolm, age 24, is currently exploring possible identities in work, romance, and politics. He is a college graduate but has had four jobs in the past two years. He has dated several women, with none of his relationships lasting more than five or six months. He is currently living at home to get on his feet and save money. Malcolm is demonstrating characteristics of ______.
emerging adulthood
The transition to adulthood has become so delayed in many industrialized societies that some have argued that there is a new stage in life known as
emerging adulthood
True or false: Changes in social definition have little effect on relationships with others.
false
True or false: Social redefinition in contemporary society gives adolescents a clear indication of when their responsibilities and privileges begin.
false
In neighborhoods with higher levels of resources and greater feelings of cohesion, adults' beliefs about teenagers tend to be ______.
favorable
Identify the three key elements of the transition to adulthood during the 1960s. (Select all that apply.)
getting married moving out completing ones college education
In the past 40 years, poverty has become more concentrated, leading to ______.
greater clustering of families into economically and racially segregated communities
Compared to teenagers in middle-class communities, adolescents in wealthy neighborhoods report (higher/lower) levels of delinquency, anxiety, and depression.
higher
In many non-Western societies, adolescence is ______.
highly sex-differentiated
Among middle-class families in the Industrial Revolution, adolescents spent a great deal of time ______.
in school and with peers
Most of the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development are (direct/indirect) .
indirect
The impact of living amid low collective efficacy is especially bad among ______.
individuals who are impulsive or insensitive to the feelings of others
According to Margaret Mead, in hunting, fishing, and farming societies, the emphasis is on ______ rather than ______.
informal education in context; formal education in schools
A(n) ___ ceremony is a formal induction of a young person into adulthood.
initiation
Professor Noris believes that adolescence is not actually a period of the life cycle; rather, it is a social invention. Professor Noris' beliefs are consistent with the __ perspective.
inventionist
Many international groups have argued that female circumcision ______.
is a human rights issue
The existence of emerging adulthood ______.
is not apparent in all cultures
Today's transition to adulthood is best described as ______.
just as disorderly and prolonged as it was in the nineteenth century
Nolan, age 13, was arrested for shoplifting. Nolan's crime will be adjudicated in the ______.
juvenile justice system
During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, boys often ______.
learned work skills from their fathers
Research indicates that juveniles are ______.
less likely than adults to understand their rights
In a study of individuals ages 17 to 29, the best predictor of subjective age was participants' ______.
level of psychosocial maturity
Under conditions of (low/high) collective efficacy, social problems are contagious.
low
One issue that continues to face contemporary society is whether sexually active individuals who are not yet legal adults should be able to ______.
make independent decisions about matters such as abortion
The age at which people ______ is even more reliably documented than the age of menarche.
marry
Of all the possible markers of the beginning and end of adolescence, ______ and ______ are probably the best ones to use in order to see if adolescence has actually gotten longer.
menstruation; marriage
programs seek to pair adolescents with young people through community or school-based efforts designed to facilitate positive youth development, improve academic achievement, and deter antisocial behavior.
mentor
In the ______, young adolescents commonly worked as apprentices, learning skills and trades.
mid-1800s
Poverty has become (more/less) concentrated over the past 40 years.
more
Because poor families tend to live in poor neighborhoods, it is not always easy to separate the effects of (neighborhood/economic) disadvantage from the effects of (family/economic) disadvantage.
neighborhood; family
In the United States, ______ contemporary youths regard being married as a necessary characteristic for adulthood.
only a small percentage of
In a national study of mental health during emerging adulthood, ______% of the sample showed great stability in their well-being over the period.
over 80
Social redefinition usually entails the real or symbolic separation of young persons from their ______.
parents
Research shows that (affluent/poor) youngsters are more likely to encounter transitional problems during middle and late adolescence.
poor
Child ___ were individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century, that adolescents need to be kept out of the labor force in order to protect them from the hazards of the workplace.
protectionist
In societies that have formal rites of passage, ______ has long been used to indicate when people are no longer children.
puberty
Jasmine is a Mexican American teenager. Tomorrow, she will be celebrating her ______, an elaborate celebration for adolescent girls that is practiced in many Latino communities.
quinceañera
Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is (smooth/rocky)
rocky
In modern societies, attaining the age of legal majority, starting a full-time job, or moving out of one's parents' house are ______ that are used to draw the line between adolescence and adulthood.
social indicators
Recognition that an individual's status has changed from child to adult is an example of ______.
social redefinition
A ____ refers to a behavior that is problematic because of the young person's status as a juvenile.
status offense
Theo, age 17, was recently arrested at an underage drinking party. Underage drinking is considered a(n) ______.
status offense
Sex between two individuals, even when it is consensual, when at least one of the persons is below the legal age of consent is known as
statutory rape
"______" is a term popularized about 75 years ago to refer to young people.
teenager
The term (teenager/adolescent) suggests a more frivolous and lighthearted image than the term (teenager/adolescent) .
teenager; adolescent
Which is contributing to the lengthening of the transition from adolescence to adulthood?
the increase in jobs requiring more years of formal education
The age of majority is also referred to as ________.
the legal age for adult status
Today's view of adolescence started among ______.
the middle class
According to the inventionists, problems like delinquency in contemporary society are the result of ______.
the way that adolescence is defined
True or false: During the Industrial Revolution, adolescents were among those most dramatically affected by changes in work, education, and family life.
true
Most studies show that the suicide rate among young adults is ______ what it is among teenagers.
twice
In the agricultural world of the sixteenth or seventeenth century, the main distinction between children and adults was based on ______.
whether they owned property
A term whose acceptance grew as a result of social change is "______."
youth
During the 1960s, many adults referred to the changes they saw in attitudes and values among college students as the ______ movement.
youth
Keniston (1970) argued that ___ is a separate stage in the life cycle, similar to the concept of emerging adulthood.
youth
Today, "______" is a term used to refer to an individual aged 18 to 22, though it once referred to an individual aged 12 to 24.
youth
The term (adolescent/youth) was used long before the word (adolescent/youth) .
youth; adolescent