Chapter 3 reading questions

Suppose that the concentration of an ion is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. If the bacterium wants to bring in more of that ion into the cell, which description best describes this type of transport?

requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient

In a prokaryotic cell: composed of protein subunits that form a helical chain

Filamentous Appendages

In a prokaryotic cell: Small, rigid structures that provide buoyancy to a cell.

Gas Vesicles

In a prokaryotic cell: Thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane. The outer layer of the outer membrane is lipopolysaccharide.

Gram-Negative

In a prokaryotic cell: Thick layer of peptidoglycan that contains teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids.

Gram-Positive

In a prokaryotic cell: Accumulations of high-molecular-weight polymers, synthesized from a nutrient available in relative excess.

Granules

Cytoplasmic membrane is selectively permeable to what molecules?

O2, CO2, N2, small hydrophobic molecules, and water

In a prokaryotic cell: Different types have different functions. the common types, often called fimbriae, allow cells to adhere to surfaces. A few types are used for twitching or gliding motility. Sex _______ are involved in DNA transfer.

Pilli

In a prokaryotic cell: Generally carries only genetic information that may be advantageous to a cell in certain situations.

Plasmid

In a prokaryotic cell: Involved in protein synthesis. Two subunits, 30S and 50S, join to form the 70S _______________.

Ribosomes

In a prokaryotic cell: Diffuse and irregular. Allows bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces.

Slime Layer

Compounds that interfere with the synthesis or structural integrity of peptidoglycan can ______.

result in bursting of a bacterial cell

The joining of amino acids to synthesize proteins is facilitated by cytoplasmic structures called ________________.

ribosomes

Many members of the Archaea have _____________which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.

s-layers

Cells use a process called _______ to move certain enzymes and other proteins they synthesize out of the cell.

secretion

Functions of proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane:

selective gates, sensors of environmental conditions, fluid mosaic model

The cytoplasmic membrane is a _____ -permeable barrier of the cell

semi

In a bacterium, pili are typically ______________ than flagella

shorter but more numerous

A procedure that requires the use of a single dye to stain a specimen is called ____________ staining.

simple

Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a ________________

slime layer

_____________ are accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess.

storage granules

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access ___________ as a source of energy.

sunlight

Ribosomes are directly involved in ___________________.

the synthesis of proteins

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is characterized by ______________.

thick layer of peptidoglycan

True or false: Although eukaryotic flagella and cilia appear to project out of the cell, they are covered by extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane.

true

True or False: Compounds unique to bacteria or certain other microbial groups can be detected by "alarm systems" in the body.

True

When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, what should be placed on top of the specimen?

a coverslip

A typical bacterium possesses ______________________.

a single, circular chromosome

Immunofluorescence uses a(n) _______________ that has a fluorescent compound to tag a specific protein.

antibody

A(n) _________________ force microscope uses a very sharp scanning probe to produce detailed images of surfaces with a very high resolving power.

atomic

Peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of ______. Multiple choice question.

bacteria

Penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, and lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Based on this information, you can conclude that penicillin and lysozyme may result in bursting (lysing) of which type of cells?

bacterial

Which type of microscope transmits a light through a specimen in order to illuminate the field of view evenly?

bright-field

A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called a __________.

capsule

Penicillin is ineffective against Mycoplasma species because the organism lacks a rigid _____________

cell wall

Which structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell?

cell wall

The strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of__________

peptidoglycan

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes is composed of a __________ bilayer embedded with proteins

phospholipid

The function of the cell wall is to ______.

prevent cell from bursting

Members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium _________________________.

produce dormant cells called endospores

None of the Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. However, some have a similar molecule called ____________

pseudopeptidoglycan

Unlike a stained specimen, living moving cells can be observed using a(n) _______ mount.

wet

When observing live organisms, the specimen is prepared with a drop of liquid on which a coverslip has been placed. This is called a __________________

wet mount

Light microscopes that are routinely used in the laboratory can magnify images about _______.

1,000X

The capsule stain shows the capsule as _______________________.

a clear area surrounding a cell

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells plays a crucial role in transforming energy. This means that the membrane is directly involved in ______. Multiple choice question.

converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP

All cells have a _________________ membrane, also called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.

cytoplasmic

A flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells is called the

cytoskeleton

What collective name is given to the various proteins that criss-cross the cell's interior, hold various organelles in place, enable movement of intracellular structures, and give the cell internal structural integrity? Multiple choice question.

cytoskeleton

What is the main function of lysosomes?

degredation

______________ function as ATP-generating powerhouses and are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

mitochondria

The most significant structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a membrane-bound ____________ , which contains the genetic material.

nucleus

Which of the following is a component of Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive cells?

outer membrane

In plant and algae cells, ___________are organelles that contain pigments for photosynthesis.

chloroplast

In a prokaryotic cell: Provide the most common mechanism of motility

Flagella

The eukaryotic ribosome found outside the mitochondria is best described as ______. Multiple choice question.

40S + 60S = 100S

Prokaryotic ribosomes are ______.

70S

Eukaryotic ribosomes are ________.

80S

What is the principal function of mitochondria?

ATP production

In a prokaryotic cell: Layers outside the cell wall, usually made of polysaccharide.

Capsules and Slime Layers Capsule

In a prokaryotic cell: Peptidoglycan provides rigidity to bacterial cell walls, preventing the cells from lysing.

Cell Wall

In a prokaryotic cell: Carries the genetic information required by a cell. Typically a single, circular, double- stranded DNA molecule.

Chromosome

In a prokaryotic cell: Protein framework involved in cell division and control of cell shape.

Cytoskeleton

In a prokaryotic cell: Carries the genetic information of the cell.

DNA

In a prokaryotic cell: A type of dormant cell that is extraordinarily resistant to heat, desiccation, ultraviolet light, and toxic chemicals.

Endospore

What internal structure helps control cell shape and is involved in cell division? Multiple choice question.

cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic cells use the process of __________ to take in substances too large to move through a transport protein.

endocytosis

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two of the three examples of _______________.

endocytosis

The _________________ of eukaryotic cells is a complex system of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes.

endoplasmic reticulum

The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the cell _______. Multiple choice question.

envelope

Some secreted proteins will act as __________ outside of the cell and

enzymes

What long protein structures are responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility?

flagella

Which of the following microscopes exposes specimens to ultraviolet light and forms an image with the light emitted at a different wavelength?

fluorescence

Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells are called __________ vesicles.

gas

Which eukaryotic organelle consists of a series of membrane-bound flattened compartments?

golgi apparatus

Which of the following organelles typically receives and then modifies proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum before they are transported to other destinations? Multiple choice question.

golgi apparatus

The ________ stain is the most widely used staining procedure for distinguishing different groups of bacteria.

gram

If a cell has a nutrient in relative excess, it may accumulate that compound in a storage _______________.

granule

A light microscope uses visible light and a series of ____________ to magnify objects.

lenses

_________ are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes, which degrade materials taken up by the cell and participate in autophagy.

lysosomes

How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes? Multiple choice question.

magnification is higher