Chapter 3 reading questions
Suppose that the concentration of an ion is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. If the bacterium wants to bring in more of that ion into the cell, which description best describes this type of transport?
requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient
In a prokaryotic cell: composed of protein subunits that form a helical chain
Filamentous Appendages
In a prokaryotic cell: Small, rigid structures that provide buoyancy to a cell.
Gas Vesicles
In a prokaryotic cell: Thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane. The outer layer of the outer membrane is lipopolysaccharide.
Gram-Negative
In a prokaryotic cell: Thick layer of peptidoglycan that contains teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids.
Gram-Positive
In a prokaryotic cell: Accumulations of high-molecular-weight polymers, synthesized from a nutrient available in relative excess.
Granules
Cytoplasmic membrane is selectively permeable to what molecules?
O2, CO2, N2, small hydrophobic molecules, and water
In a prokaryotic cell: Different types have different functions. the common types, often called fimbriae, allow cells to adhere to surfaces. A few types are used for twitching or gliding motility. Sex _______ are involved in DNA transfer.
Pilli
In a prokaryotic cell: Generally carries only genetic information that may be advantageous to a cell in certain situations.
Plasmid
In a prokaryotic cell: Involved in protein synthesis. Two subunits, 30S and 50S, join to form the 70S _______________.
Ribosomes
In a prokaryotic cell: Diffuse and irregular. Allows bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces.
Slime Layer
Compounds that interfere with the synthesis or structural integrity of peptidoglycan can ______.
result in bursting of a bacterial cell
The joining of amino acids to synthesize proteins is facilitated by cytoplasmic structures called ________________.
ribosomes
Many members of the Archaea have _____________which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.
s-layers
Cells use a process called _______ to move certain enzymes and other proteins they synthesize out of the cell.
secretion
Functions of proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane:
selective gates, sensors of environmental conditions, fluid mosaic model
The cytoplasmic membrane is a _____ -permeable barrier of the cell
semi
In a bacterium, pili are typically ______________ than flagella
shorter but more numerous
A procedure that requires the use of a single dye to stain a specimen is called ____________ staining.
simple
Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a ________________
slime layer
_____________ are accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess.
storage granules
Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access ___________ as a source of energy.
sunlight
Ribosomes are directly involved in ___________________.
the synthesis of proteins
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is characterized by ______________.
thick layer of peptidoglycan
True or false: Although eukaryotic flagella and cilia appear to project out of the cell, they are covered by extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane.
true
True or False: Compounds unique to bacteria or certain other microbial groups can be detected by "alarm systems" in the body.
True
When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, what should be placed on top of the specimen?
a coverslip
A typical bacterium possesses ______________________.
a single, circular chromosome
Immunofluorescence uses a(n) _______________ that has a fluorescent compound to tag a specific protein.
antibody
A(n) _________________ force microscope uses a very sharp scanning probe to produce detailed images of surfaces with a very high resolving power.
atomic
Peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of ______. Multiple choice question.
bacteria
Penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, and lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Based on this information, you can conclude that penicillin and lysozyme may result in bursting (lysing) of which type of cells?
bacterial
Which type of microscope transmits a light through a specimen in order to illuminate the field of view evenly?
bright-field
A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called a __________.
capsule
Penicillin is ineffective against Mycoplasma species because the organism lacks a rigid _____________
cell wall
Which structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell?
cell wall
The strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of__________
peptidoglycan
The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes is composed of a __________ bilayer embedded with proteins
phospholipid
The function of the cell wall is to ______.
prevent cell from bursting
Members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium _________________________.
produce dormant cells called endospores
None of the Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. However, some have a similar molecule called ____________
pseudopeptidoglycan
Unlike a stained specimen, living moving cells can be observed using a(n) _______ mount.
wet
When observing live organisms, the specimen is prepared with a drop of liquid on which a coverslip has been placed. This is called a __________________
wet mount
Light microscopes that are routinely used in the laboratory can magnify images about _______.
1,000X
The capsule stain shows the capsule as _______________________.
a clear area surrounding a cell
The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells plays a crucial role in transforming energy. This means that the membrane is directly involved in ______. Multiple choice question.
converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP
All cells have a _________________ membrane, also called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.
cytoplasmic
A flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells is called the
cytoskeleton
What collective name is given to the various proteins that criss-cross the cell's interior, hold various organelles in place, enable movement of intracellular structures, and give the cell internal structural integrity? Multiple choice question.
cytoskeleton
What is the main function of lysosomes?
degredation
______________ function as ATP-generating powerhouses and are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
mitochondria
The most significant structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a membrane-bound ____________ , which contains the genetic material.
nucleus
Which of the following is a component of Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive cells?
outer membrane
In plant and algae cells, ___________are organelles that contain pigments for photosynthesis.
chloroplast
In a prokaryotic cell: Provide the most common mechanism of motility
Flagella
The eukaryotic ribosome found outside the mitochondria is best described as ______. Multiple choice question.
40S + 60S = 100S
Prokaryotic ribosomes are ______.
70S
Eukaryotic ribosomes are ________.
80S
What is the principal function of mitochondria?
ATP production
In a prokaryotic cell: Layers outside the cell wall, usually made of polysaccharide.
Capsules and Slime Layers Capsule
In a prokaryotic cell: Peptidoglycan provides rigidity to bacterial cell walls, preventing the cells from lysing.
Cell Wall
In a prokaryotic cell: Carries the genetic information required by a cell. Typically a single, circular, double- stranded DNA molecule.
Chromosome
In a prokaryotic cell: Protein framework involved in cell division and control of cell shape.
Cytoskeleton
In a prokaryotic cell: Carries the genetic information of the cell.
DNA
In a prokaryotic cell: A type of dormant cell that is extraordinarily resistant to heat, desiccation, ultraviolet light, and toxic chemicals.
Endospore
What internal structure helps control cell shape and is involved in cell division? Multiple choice question.
cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic cells use the process of __________ to take in substances too large to move through a transport protein.
endocytosis
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two of the three examples of _______________.
endocytosis
The _________________ of eukaryotic cells is a complex system of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes.
endoplasmic reticulum
The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the cell _______. Multiple choice question.
envelope
Some secreted proteins will act as __________ outside of the cell and
enzymes
What long protein structures are responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility?
flagella
Which of the following microscopes exposes specimens to ultraviolet light and forms an image with the light emitted at a different wavelength?
fluorescence
Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells are called __________ vesicles.
gas
Which eukaryotic organelle consists of a series of membrane-bound flattened compartments?
golgi apparatus
Which of the following organelles typically receives and then modifies proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum before they are transported to other destinations? Multiple choice question.
golgi apparatus
The ________ stain is the most widely used staining procedure for distinguishing different groups of bacteria.
gram
If a cell has a nutrient in relative excess, it may accumulate that compound in a storage _______________.
granule
A light microscope uses visible light and a series of ____________ to magnify objects.
lenses
_________ are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes, which degrade materials taken up by the cell and participate in autophagy.
lysosomes
How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes? Multiple choice question.
magnification is higher