Chapter 3 Reformation

What occurred as missionary activity increased?

As this missionary activity greatly increased during the Catholic Reformation, Catholic teachings spread around the world.

What happened as time passed?

As time passed, some congregations gained even more power.

How did Protestant churches rule themselves?

Before the Reformation, most Europeans had no voice in governing the Catholic Church.

What was it like politically for most Europeans before the Reformation?

Before the Reformation, most Europeans had no voice in governing the Catholic Church.

What happened as Protestantism spread in the late 1500's and 1600's?

Catholic leaders responded

What did the Catholic reformers do? Why?

Catholic reformers created new religious orders, or communities, in southern Europe. These orders wanted to win people back to the Catholic Church.

What occurred in Spain before the Catholic Reformation?

Even before the Catholic Reformation, Spain's rulers had been battling to drive non-Catholics from their lands.

What are Huguenots?

Huguenots are French protestants.

What happened in Spain in 1492?

In 1492 the king and queen defeated the last Muslim forces in Spain. They then forced everyone in the country to convert to Catholicism.

What was the difference between Spain and the northern countries in Europe?

In Spain most people were Catholic. In the northern countries most people were Protestant.

What happened in American colonies of New England in regards to politics?

In the American colonies of New England, for instance, congregations met to decide how their towns would be run. These town meetings were an early form of self-government, in which people rule themselves. As time passed, some congregations gained even more power.

What did they hope to do? How?

Jesuits were trained to be as disciplined as soldiers in their religious duties.

What were the Jesuits trained as?

Jesuits were trained to be as disciplined as soldiers in their religious duties.

What was the Council of Trent? Why did Catholic leaders call together this meeting?

Many Catholic leaders felt more change was needed. They called together the Council of Trent, a meeting of church leaders in Trent, Italy. Clergy from across Europe came to discuss, debate, and eventually reform Catholic teachings.

What are missionaries?

Many Catholics dedicated their lives to helping the church grow. They became missionaries, traveling to foreign countries to spread their faith.

What were many of the new missionaries? Where did they go?

Many of the new missionaries were Jesuits. Jesuit priests went to Africa, Asia, and America.

What did people begin to refuse?

Many people refused to accept information based on someone else's authority.

What happened once the Inquisition punished all Muslim, Jewish, and Protestant believers?

Once the Inquisition had punished all Muslim, Jewish, and Protestant believers, Spain's Catholic Church had no opposition.

How did this cause people's thinking to change? What did they want?

People began to think their ideas were important. They wanted more political power.

What did people begin to think about themselves? What did this cause them to do?

People began to think their ideas were important. They wanted to learn more about the world around them.

What did these divisions lead to?

Political conflict

What did the King of Bohemia do in the Holy Roman empire? How did the Protestants respond?

Religious wars caused even more destruction in the Holy Roman Empire. There, the king of Bohemia sparked a conflict when he forced everyone in his kingdom to become Catholic. In 1618 Protestants rose up in revolt.

Why did tension increase in France between Catholics and Protestants?

Tensions increased between the two religious groups after the French king, who was Catholic, banned all Protestant religions.

What is the Catholic Reformation? What is this also called?

The Catholic Reformation was the effort to stop the spread of Protestantism and to reform the Catholic Church. It is also known as the Counter Reformation.

What is the Edict of Nantes?

The Edict of Nantes was a law granting religious freedom in most of France. Protestants could worship anywhere except in Paris and a few other cities.

What were the Jesuits?

The Jesuits were a religious order created to serve the pope and the church.

Why did Spanish monarchs order the Spanish Inquisition?

The Spanish monarchs ordered the Spanish Inquisition to find and punish anyone who had converted to Catholicism but still secretly kept their old beliefs.

What did the council play a key role in doing?

The council played a key role in revitalizing the Catholic Church in Europe.

Who founded the first order and when?

The first order was founded in 1534 by a Spanish noble, Ignatius of Loyola.

Who was the most important missionary of the period? What did he do?

The most important missionary of the period was the Jesuit priest Francis Xavier . He brought Catholicism to parts of India and Japan in the mid-1500's.

What did the Pope create?

The pope created religious courts to punish any Protestants found in Italy.

What is the Thirty Years War? When did it end?

The rebellion spread through the Holy Roman Empire, starting what is known as the Thirty Years' War. The war ended in 1648.

What did the reformation cause?

The reformation caused division within Europe.

What new rules were created at the Council of Trent?

The selling of indulgences was banned, bishops were required to live in the land they oversaw, and protestant ideas were rejected.

What is Federalism?

The sharing of power between local governments and a strong central government is called federalism.

What happened in 1598?

The war ended. King Henry issued the Edict of Nantes.

What would happen if someone was caught reading banned books by Protestant leaders?

They could be excommunicated.

Between what years did the Council of Trent meet? Why did they meet?

They meet between 1545 and 1563 to clarify church teachings that have been criticized by Protestants.

What is the Treaty of Westphalia?

This agreement, the Treaty of Westphalia, allowed rulers to determine whether their countries would be Catholic or Protestant.