Chapter 3: Water and Life

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Which statement helps to explain why ice is less dense than liquid water?

(a) Water molecules make hydrogen bonds at definite angles. (b) Cold molecules move less than warm molecule

Polar attractions are ...

(a) forces between atoms with partial charges. (b) weaker than covalent bonds. (c) important because they are numerous.

Water is a source of ______________ for chemical reactions in cells

(a) hydrogen atoms (b) oxygen atoms

-Acid adds [H+] to a solution and removes OH- because of the tendency to for H+ to combine with OH- to form water. -Bases increase OH- and reduces H+ by forming water.

**This constant relationship expresses the behavior of acids and bases in an aqueous solution.

Properties of water essential to life

- Water is Cohesive and Adhesive - Water has High specific Heat - Water has a high boiling point - Water is a good evaporative coolant - Water has a higher density as a liquid than as a solid - Water is an excellent Solvent

Which of the following are consequences of ocean acidification? Select all that apply.

1. Corals and coral reefs are not able to form their hard skeletons 2. Clams, mussels, lobsters, and shrimp are not able to form strong enough shells.

Acid

1. HCl -> H+ + Cl- 2. H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-

ten times as much

A glass of grapefruit juice, at pH 3, contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice, at pH 4.

False

A hydrogen atom of one water molecular binds via a hydrogen bond to a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

Which of the following can be attributed to water's high specific heat?

A lake heats up more slowly than the air around it.

High Boiling Point

A large amount of heat energy is needed to break all hydrogen bonds between the molecules to reach the gaseous phase

hydrophobic

A molecule that has all nonpolar covalent bonds would be _____.

Which of the following helps most to explain why water has a high specific heat?

A water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds

A buffer consists of undissociated acid (HA) and the ion made by dissociating the acid (A-). How does this system buffer a solution against decreases in pH?

A- reacts with H+ to become HA.

Gives off excess Hydrogen Ions when dissolved in water

Acid

Substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Acid

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ph lower than 7

Acid

Many threats to water quality have been posed ny human activities. The burning of fossil fuels releases huge amounts of CO2, sulfer and nitrous oxides which then chemically reacts with water in the are and alters the delicate balance of conditions for life on Earth- due to affecting water pH and temperature. Electric power plants that burn coal produce more oxides and wind carry the pollutants away giving acid raid the chance to fall more km away from industrial sites.

Acid precipitation is increasing. Explain its sources.

Burning fossil fuels release bad gas into air. The gas compounds react with water and the water becomes more acidic. (ex. CO2) This forms carbonic acid which lowers the pH --> ocean acidification. This results in seawater acidifying. -Extra H+ ions combine with carbonate ions to form bicarbonate ions = reduce carbonate ion concentration (required for calcification by marine life) = disappearance of coral reefs.

Acidification: Threat to Water Quality

Substance that increases the [H+] of a solution -Donate additional H+ to the solution. ex) Add HCL to water --> H+ dissociate from Cl-

Acids & how does it affect the aqueous solution??

The oxygen region of each molecule has a partial negative charge (-), and each hydrogen has a partial positive charge (+).

Add + and - signs to indicate the charged regions of each molecule. Indicate the hydrogen bonds.

lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH

Adding a base tends to _____ of a solution.

increase the hydrogen ion concentration and lower the pH

Adding acid tends to _____ of a solution.

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of the different substance helps counter the downward pull of gravity

Adhesion

Clinging of one substance to another Helps counter the pull of gravity

Adhesion

Clinging of one substance to another. Ex. Water in a plant cell or the lizard walking on water

Adhesion

Transpiration is due to Cohesion and _______________

Adhesion

When water molecules stick to other materials due to its polar nature

Adhesion

When water molecules stick to other molecules

Adhesion

-NH2/a nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogens and the carbon skeleton. Acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution. example=amines-building blocks of proteins.

Amino Group

compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end, with a specific R group; building blocks of protein; like just 26 letters in the alphabet forming countless words, just 20 of these can form thousands of different proteins by different combinations and sequences.

Amino acid

Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers?

Amino acid side chains have many carboxyl and amino groups

a compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

An acid is _____.

A free radical

An atom with one unpaired electron in its outer shell and can cause conseriable cellular damage

synthetic variants of the male testosterone

Anabolic Steroids

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

Anabolism

Substance that reduces hydrogen ion concentration of a solution with higher concentration of OH- than H+ solution

Base

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Base

Proton acceptors

Bases

Reduces the [H+] ions of a solution. -By accepting hydrogen ions -Indirectly by dissociating to combine with H+ ions and form water

Bases & how does it affect the aqueous solution??

ice floats

Because molecules of water are farther apart in ice than in liquid water, _____.

10^2 = 100

Because the pH scale is logarithmic, each numerical change represents a 10X change in ion concentration. a. How many times more acidic is a pH of 3 compared to a pH of 5?

10^4 = 10,000

Because the pH scale is logarithmic, each numerical change represents a 10X change in ion concentration. b. How many times more basic is a pH of 12 compared to a pH of 8?

Why is water having high thermal capacity important for life?

Bodies of water change temperature very slowly, which is important for organisms so they can adjust to seasonal changes

Water has a high ____________ point

Boiling

False

Bonds between water molecules are stronger than the bonds between the atoms within a water molecule

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution; most are acid-base pairs

Buffer

a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Buffer

Allows biological fluids to maintain constant pH despite the addition of acids/bases. It minimizes changes in concentration. -Accepts hydrogen ions from solutions when in excess and donates when lacking. -Contain weak acids and corresponding bases & combine with H+

Buffers

Maintain pH in an acidic and basic environments

Buffers

pull from each one making it neutral

Buffers

Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C

Calorie

Amount of heat energy required to raise temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius. Also amount of heat energy that 1g of water cools by 1 degree Celsius

Calorie

Amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C or the amount released to cool 1 bra of H20 by 1 degree C. Kilocalorie (1000 cal)

Calorie

amount of heat it takes to move 1 gram of substance 1 degree Celsius higher

Calorie

the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius

Calorie

C6H12O6 C6 = (6 x 12) = 72 H12 = (12 x 1) = 12 O6 = (6 x 16) = 96 = 180 g = 1 mole 0.5-molar glucose = 90 g. Add this mass of the compound to water bring it to volume of 1 liter. This makes 1 liter of 0.5 M solution.

Can you prepare 1 liter of a 0.5-molar glucose solution? Show your work here.

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity

Capillary Action

______________________ describes water's ability to use cohesion and adhesion to pull water up against gravity

Capillary Action

the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, which causes the liquid to rise or fall

Capillary action

Member of the class of biological molecules consisting of single-monomer sugars (monosaccharides), two-monomer sugars (disaccharides), and polymers (polysaccharides).

Carbohydrate

a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides like starches

Carbohydrate

-serve as a cell's fuel and building material -the class of molecules that range from small sugar molecules (such as those dissolved in soft drinks) to large polysaccharides (such as starch) -composed of C, H, and O -hydrophilic -has two types : monosaccharides and polysaccharides -have molecular formulas that are multiples of CH2O (e.g. C60H100O50)

Carbohydrates

The chain of carbon molecules that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule.

Carbon Skeleton

the chain of carbon molecules in a molecule

Carbon Skeleton

Why is vegetable oil hydrophobic?

Carbon and hydrogen share electrons almost equally

Example of buffer

Carbonic acid

>C=O/a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. example-sugars

Carbonyl Group

\ C=O /. a C atom linked by a double bond to an O.

Carbonyl Group

-COOH a C double bonded to a O and bonded to a hydroxyl group.

Carboxyl Group

-COOH/a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. example=acetic acid

Carboxyl Group

dissolved substances can be easily transported within a cell or between cells in multicellular organisms a variety of nutrient molecules is readily available as dissolved solutes the temperature of living things tends to change relatively slowly waste products produced by cell metabolism can be easily removed All of the listed responses are correct.

Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves consist of about 70 to 95% water. As a result, _____.

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Chitin

structural polysaccharide used by insects to build exoskeleton

Chitin

component in cell membranes

Cholesterol

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Cohesion

Linking of same molecules and holding together. Hydrogen bonds hold water together & keeps them close. Molecules still very transient.

Cohesion

Linking together of like molecules with hydrogen bonds. Ex. Water drops on penny

Cohesion

Transpiration is due to ________________ and Adhesion

Cohesion

When water molecules stick to each other

Cohesion

When water molecules stick to other water molecules

Cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance, transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

Cohesion

hydrogen molecules hold water molecules together (water and water)

Cohesion

the hydrogen bonds hold the substance together

Cohesion

1. Large body of water can absorb and store a huge amount of heat and warm up slightly to a few degrees. 2. Gradually cooling water can warm/moderate air temp. 3. Stabilize ocean/ earth temperatures (which permits life) 4. Organisms = mostly water = resist changes in own temperature

Contribution of Water's High Specific Heat to Life on Earth

-Transport of water & dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants Water evaporates from leaf → H bonds cause water molecules leaving the veins to tug on molecules farther down. Upward pull transmitted through the water conducting cells all the way to the roots.

Contributions of Cohesion

1. Stability of temperature in lakes and ponds 2. Prevent overheating (sweat evaporated) That is why high humidity = uncomfortable bc high concentration of water vapor in the air.

Contributions of Evaporative Cooling of Water

What type of bond is between the oxygen and hydrogen in water?

Covalent Bond

A COVALENT BOND forms when electrons are shared between atoms. An IONIC BOND is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Covalent bond vs Ionic bond

A double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Capable of replicating, is an organism's genetic material. See also gene.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

DNA

genetic inheritance polymer

DNA

Evaporation is the transformation of a liquid to a gas. The evaporation of water from leaves of a plant helps keep the tissues in the leaves from becoming too warm in the sunlight. The evaporation of sweat from human skin dissipates body heat and helps prevent overheating on a hot day or as a result of excess heat created by strenuous activity.

Define evaporation. Explain at least three effects of this property on living organisms.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution—is the unit of concentration most often used by biologists for aqueous solutions.

Define molarity.

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule

Define polar molecule

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Dehydration Reaction

a reaction that removes a molecule of water

Dehydration Reaction

H2O+C12H22O11

Dehydration synthesis reaction C6H12O6+C6H12O6 --->

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.

Denaturation

polypeptides unravel, losing their specific shape, and changes its function

Denaturation

Strong acids completely ionize in a solution, but weak acides do not completely ionize in a solution

Difference between a strong acid and a weak acid

A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction.

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides linked together

Disaccharide

Lowers pH. Reduces carbonate concentration. Required for calcification the production of calcium carbonate which helps build reefs.

Discuss how CO2 emissions affect marine life and ecosystems

About half the CO2 emitted stays in atmosphere, acting like a reflective blanket over the planet that traps heat by preventing it from escaping into outer space. While photosynthesizing organisms absorb some of the gas, approximately 30% is taken up by the oceans, and excessive CO2 uptake might damage the fragile marine ecosystem. CO2 dissolves in sea water creating carbonic acid which then seperates to bicarbonate and carbonate. Sea water acidifies due to the extra protons which lowers the pH of the ocean. Ocean acidification decreases the carbonate concentration, which is required for calcification by many marine organisms. Additionally, CO2 emissions create acid precipitation that damages life in streams and lakes and adversely affects life on land by altering soil chemistry.

Discuss how CO2 emissions affect marine life and ecosystems.

Cohesion is the phenomenon of the collective hydrogen bonds holding water together. Adhesion, however, is the clinging of one substance to another.

Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion.

Any substance that has an affinity for water is said to be hydrophilic, whereas substances that are nonionic and nonpolar and cannot form hydrogen bonds and therefore seem to repel water and are called hydrophobic. An example of a hydrophilic substance is cotton, whereas an example of a hydrophobic substance is vegetable oil.

Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. Give an example of each.

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

Double helix

Lubricant

Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract.

A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Enzyme

Process by which a liquid changes to gas

Evaporation

Example of evaporative cooling

Evaporation of sweat from human skin prevents overheating on a hot day

A buffer is a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution. It does so by accepting hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted. Most buffer solutions contain a weak acid and its corresponding base, which combine reversibly with hydrogen ions.

Even a slight change in pH can be harmful! How do buffers moderate pH change?

water droplets Transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

Example of cohesion

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed when CO2 reacts with water in the blood plasma. Carbonic acid dissociates to yield a bicarbonate ion (HCO3 -) and a hydrogen ion (H+). The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate acts as a pH regulator, the reaction shifting from left or right as other processes in the solution add or remove hydrogen ions.

Exercise will result in the production of CO2, which will acidify the blood. Explain the buffering system that minimizes blood pH changes.

Oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell. When two oxygen atoms bind together, two pairs of electrons share, giving the oxygen atom eight electrons to become stablized according to the octet rule.

Explain how an oxygen molecule obeys the octet rule.

Cohesion helps hold together the column of H20 with in the cells. Also, as water evaporates from the leaves, Hydrogen bonds cause H20 molecules leaving to tug on molecules further down. Upward pull is transmitted through the cell. With adhesion, the water clings to the plant cell wall, which counters gravity.

Explain how cohesion and adhesion relate to water in trees

Heat is absorbed and released when hydrogen bonds form; therefore, a calorie of heat causes a relatively small change in the temperature of water because much of the heat is used to disrupt hydrogen bonds before water molecules can begin moving faster. Additionally, when the temperature of water drops slightly, many additional hydrogen bonds form, releasing a considerable amount of energy in the form of heat

Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat.

Positive hydrogen of one molecule attracted to negative oxygen of nearby molecule. Water can form four bonds.

Explain hydrogen bonding in terms of water. How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

Hydrogen bonding occurs when the slightly positive hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative oxygen of a nearby molecule, holding them together. Hydrogen bonds are fragile and at any given moment a substantial percentage of all the water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to their neighbors. Each water molecule can form 4 hydrogen bonds.

Explain hydrogen bonding. How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

The H+ concentration of a pH 12 is 104 times greater than that of a pH of 8.

Explain the difference between a pH of 8 and a pH of 12 in terms of H+ concentration.

An energy shell is a region outside the nucleus of an atom occupied by electrons of a given energy level. More than one oribital can be found within an energy shell. An orbital may be spherical or dumbbell shaped and contains up to two electrons.

Explain the difference between an energy shell and an orbital.

The fact that water is such a versatile solvent can be traced back to the polarity of the water molecule. Water can dissolve ionic compounds, many compounds made up of nonionic polar molecules, as well as molecules such as proteins if they have polar and ionic regions on their surface.

Explain why water is such a fine solvent

large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

Fat

Solid form of water is less dense than liquid form of water. So, it floats.

Floating Ice on Water

1. Cohesive behavior 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versatility as a solvent

Four emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth's sustainability for life

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

Functional Groups

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

Functional Groups

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA; a few are carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Gene

amino acid sequence program of inheritance

Gene

Chemical Formula for Water

H20

A large amount of heat energy is needed to break all hydrogen bonds between the molecules to reach the gaseous phase

High Boiling Point

What is temperature stability

High specific heat of water

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Homeostasis

Minimizes changes in concentration of H+ OH- in a solution. Accepts hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and bonding hydrogen ions to solution

How can buffers moderate pH changes?

Adding certain solutes (acids and bases) Acids Bases

How can the balance of water's pH be disrupted? (imbalance in H+ and OH- concentrations)

Water may cool air at night and warm during the day. High specific heat stabilizes ocean temperatures. This is important to life because organisms made of water are able to resist changes in their own temperature. Keeps life in balance.

How does Water's high specific heat contribute tot he moderation of temperature. How is this property important to life?

can absorb huge amount of heat at night while gradual cooling can warm the air

How does high specific heat of water affect temperature in large bodies of water?

heat breaks the hydrogen bonds before raising temperatures of water, cooling FORMS hydrogen bonds

How does hydrogen bonding contribute to water's high specific heat?

Ice absorbs enough heat for temperature to go above 0 degrees C and the H Bonds are disrupted, causing the lattice to collapse.

How does melting work at a molecular level?

if ice sank, ponds/oceans/lakes would freeze solid, killing the life (during the summer only top would thaw) instead the floating ice insulates liquid water from below preventing it from freezing and killing animals

How does the density of water contribute to aquatic life?

Because it is polar, water's oppositely charged ends are attracted to positively and negatively charged ions and molecules. Water molecules form a hydration shell around oppositely charged particles.

How does the polarity of water contribute to its ability to dissolve so many substances?

@ 4 C, H20 behaves like other liquids @4-0, H20 begins to freeze because the molecules moving are moving to slow in order to break the H Bonds @0, Molecules lock into a crystal lattice. The H Bonds keep molecules at arms length, which causes it to be 10% less dense than liquid h20.

How does water behave above 4 degrees C? From 4 to 0 degrees C? At 0 degrees C?

Day: Absorb and store huge amount of heat from the sun Night: Gradually cooling water can warm the air Stabilize ocean temperatures, creating favorable environment for marine life

How is specific heat helping us?

Very transiently. The H Bonds constantly change.

How well are molecules connected by hydrogen bonds in liquid form of water?

the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

Hydration shell

the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Hydration shell

An organic compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen.

Hydrocarbons

compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon

Hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

H+

Hydrogen

A relatively weak bond between the partial negative side of one molecule and partial positive side of another molecule

Hydrogen Bond

What type of bond is between two water molecules?

Hydrogen Bond

Slight (+) H of one molecule attracts to slight (-) of another molecule nearby = H Bond. - Always breaking and reforming!

Hydrogen Bond with Water Molecules

Adhesion is due to _______________

Hydrogen Bonding

Transpiration is due to Cohesion and Adhesion, which are due to _______________________

Hydrogen Bonding

Cohesion is due to _______________

Hydrogen bonding

Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms but hydrogen bonds are the result of weak attractions between a hydrogen atom of a polar molecule and an electronegative atom of another polar molecule.

Hydrogen bonds differ from covalent bonds in that

Why is ice more dense than water?

Hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered

(H+) a single proton with a charge of 1+

Hydrogen ion

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; process by polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion.

Hydrolysis

a molecule of waterreaction with the breaking of bonds with water

Hydrolysis

(H₃O+)

Hydronium ion

"Water-loving"; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water.

Hydrophilic

(water loving) any substance that is attracted to water

Hydrophilic

Substance that loves water Don't necessarily have to dissolve ex) Cells & Cotton (made up of cellulose)

Hydrophilic

any substance that has an affinity of water is said to be hydrophilic

Hydrophilic

water loving (soluble in water)

Hydrophilic

have charges and partial charges to which water molecules can adhere

Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances, _____.

h2o loving (cotton)

Hydrophillic

"Water-fearing"; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water.

Hydrophobic

(water fearing) any substance that repels to water

Hydrophobic

No affinity for water (vegetable oil) water fearing...

Hydrophobic

Nonionic/nonpolar (cannot form hydrogen bonds)

Hydrophobic

Substances that don't love H20. They are not ionic and are non polar. So they can't form Hydrogen Bonds Ex) Oil. Its hydrophobic behavior is between Carbon and Hydrogen (non polar covalent bonds) which share electrons equally. Ex) Cell membranes

Hydrophobic

water fearing

Hydrophobic

repelled by

Hydrophobic molecules are _____ water.

(OH-) has a charge of 1-

Hydroxide ion

OH-

Hydroxyl

(-OH) consists of a H atom bonded to an O atom which in turn is bonded to a C.

Hydroxyl Group

-OH/consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. example: alcohols

Hydroxyl Group

If ice sank, eventually ponds, lakes, and oceans would freeze solid and only a few inches at the top would thaw during the summer. Because ice floats, the upper frozen layer insulates the liquid water below, keeping it from freezing and allowing life to exist beneath the surface. Additionally, the frozen layer provides a solid habitat for some animals, such as polar bears and seals.

Ice floats! So what? Consider what would happen if ponds and other bodies of water accumulated ice at the bottom. Describe why this property of water is important.

False

Ice is denser than liquid water at all temperatures

How can ice float in liquid water?

Ice is less dense than water

Advantage of the Properties of Water

Ice serves as an insulating blanket for aquatic ecosystems protecting them from the cold air at surface

The effects would be drastically worse because the loss of the polar nature of water would greatly reduce its specific heat and its ability to moderate temperature.

If water were not a polar molecule, how would the effects of global warming differ from what are currently observed or predicted to occur in the future?

7. Slight changes can be harmful because processes are very sensitive Blood has a pH of 7.4 and a person cannot survive if it goes to 7 or 7.8.

Internal pH of living cells

Creation of hydration shell! - The Ions and H20 molecules attract to each other because of their opposite charges. H2O surround the individual Na and Cl ions, separating and shielding them from one another. Working from the surface to inward, water eventually dissolves all ions. Result= homogeneous mixture.

Ionic Compounds Dissolving (ex. NaCl)

Same atoms but different arrangement.

Isomers

element with different # of neutrons

Isomers

Why is water being a good evaporative coolant important for life?

It allows organisms to maintain body temperature in a warm environment

Why does ice float on water?

It is less dense than water

What does high surface tension do to the surface of a liquid?

It makes it slightly more difficult to break through than the interior

How does water dissolve substances?

It surrounds charged particles and pulls them into solution

How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer stabilizes pH during addition of base?

It's the same reaction running backward or forward

Why is water called the universal solvent?

Its properties allow it to dissolve almost anything

SI unit of energy

Joule

the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Energy of motion Atoms and molecules --> Always in motion

Kinetic Energy

Anything that moves

Kinetic energy

energy of motion

Kinetic energy

What is this an image of?

Lattice Arrangement of Frozen Water (Ice)

What is solute in lemonade?

Lemon

An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar convalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water.

Lipid

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Living organisms are composed mainly of which atoms?

A large molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction: a protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid.

Macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Macromolecules

Buffers

Maintain pH in an acidic and basic environments

nonpolar

Methyl

-CH3 a C bonded to three H

Methyl Group

-CH3/consists of a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens.

Methyl Group

By absorbing or releasing heat from/to the air. Can absorb/release large amount of heat with only slight change in its own temperature.

Moderation of Temperature by Water Why is water an effective heat bank?

Number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Unit of concentration used for aqueous solutions

Molarity

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Molarity

sum of the mass of all the atoms in a molecule

Molecular Mass

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

Molecular mass

Why does water freeze?

Molecules move too slowly to break hydrogen binds

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

Monomers

one of the repeating parts of a polymer

Monomers

The simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharide

a carbohydrate monomer

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Monosaccharides

hydrophobic

Nonpolar molecules that cluster away from water molecules are called _____ molecules.

As a result of hydrogen bonding, water expands as it solidifies. At 4°C water acts like other liquids, expanding as it warms and contracting as it cools. However, below 4°C water begins to freeze as more and more hydrogen molecules are moving to slowly to break the hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds keep the molecules far enough apart to make ice about 10% less dense than water at 4°C; it is this lower density of ice that allows it to float.

Now, explain why ice floats. Why is 4°C the critical temperature?

Steps to prepare a solution: a. Write the molecular formula. C12H22O11 b. Use your periodic table to calculate the mass of each element. Multiply by the number of atoms of the element. (For example, O has a mass of 16. Therefore, one mole of O has a mass of 16 x 11 = 176 g/mole.) C12 = (12 x 12) = 144 H22= (22 x 1) = 22 O11= (11 x 16) = 176 c. Add the masses of each element in the molecule. 144 + 22 + 176 = 342 g d. Add this mass of the compound to water to bring it to a volume of 1 liter. This makes 1 liter of a 1 M (1- molar) solution.

Now, let's do a little work that will enable you to prepare solutions. Read the section on solute concentrations carefully, and show the calculations here for preparing a 1-molar solution of sucrose. Steps to help you do this follow. The first step is done for you. Fill in the rest.

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities. The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.

Nucleic Acid

gene polymers

Nucleic Acids

An organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Nucleotides

Protons and neutrons

Nucleus of the atom

hydroxide ion; base

OH-

How are oyster larvae affected by ocean acidification?

Oyster larvae cannot grow shells in acidified ocean waters

What is the charge of the orange circle in this image?

Partial Negative

What is the charge of the red circle in this image?

Partial Negative

δ-

Partial Negative

Water has a _______________________ charge near the hydrogen atom

Partial Positive

What is the charge of the green circle in this image?

Partial Positive

What is the charge of the yellow circle in this image?

Partial Positive

δ+

Partial Positive

covalent linkage between peptides to form a poly peptide

Peptide Bond

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule a nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a polar hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

Phospholipid

What type of molecule is water (polar or nonpolar)

Polar

atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond.

Polar covalent bond is created when

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so the electrons of the covalent bonds spend more time closer to oxygen

Polar covalent bonds

Oxygen more electronegative than hydrogen

Polar covalent bonds

the electrons of the covalent bonds are closer to oxygen than to hydrogen

Polar covalent bonds

hydrogen bonding

Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in....

overall charge is unevenly distributed

Polar molecule

the overall charge is unevenly distributed

Polar molecule

the water overall charge is unevenly distributed

Polar molecule

Why doesn't oil mix with water?

Polar molecules attract one another.

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Polymer

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds.

Polymers

a large molecule consisting of many identical chains linked together

Polymers

A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Polypeptide

a polymer made of peptides

Polypeptide

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides; Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Hydrogen has partially what charge?

Positive

linear sequence of amino acids

Protean Primary Structure

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

Protein

a polymer made of 20 amino acids/the most elaborate, diverse structurally

Protein

association of multiple peptides

Protein Quaternary Structure

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Protein Secondary Structure

three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups

Protein Tertiary Structure

formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water

Pure water has a pH of 7. Why does uncontaminated rainwater have a pH of 5.6?

Groups giving different amino acids different properties. Range from a single hydrogen atom to complex arrangements of carbon chains and ring structures.

R groups

groups give different amino acids different properties. R groups range from a single hydrogen atom to complex arrangements of carbon chains and ring structures. Thus organisms have a diverse pool of building blocks from which they can make proteins with many different properties.

R groups

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages; its job is in assembling the polypeptides according to the instructions of DNA.

RNA

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

RNA

translates sequence of programming into proteins

RNA

adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil

RNA has...

hydrolytic

Reactions that involve water in the breaking apart of other molecules are known as ____ reactions

Hydrogen Bonding! Heat absorbed = break H bonds Heat released = form H bonds Much of the eat is used up to disrupt bonds before water molecules can begin moving faster

Reason for High Specific Heat

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and therefore have no double covalent bonds. Saturated fats and fatty acids solidify at room temperature.

Saturated Fatty Acid

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations might have what effect on seawater?

Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will decrease.

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Secondary structure

Example of a Base

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH

Sodium Hydroxide

What states does water exist in?

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

molecules are hydrophilic

Soluble

Substance that is dissolved

Solute

substance that is dissolved in a solvent

Solute

Hydrophilic and polar molecules

Solutes that can easily dissolve in water are said to be

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solution

A liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

Solution

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solution

mixture of 2 ore more substances (ex: solute dissolved in a solvent)

Solution

How well substance resists temperature changes. Amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for 1 gram to change its temperature by 1 degree C.

Specific Heat

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of a water 1 degree Celsius

Specific Heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

Specific heat

amount of heat needed to be absorbed /lost to change the temperature by 1 degree Celsius

Specific heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius

Specific heat

Covalent bonds

Strong chemical bonds due to the sharing of electrons. Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a molecule.

glucose + fructose; table sugar

Sucrose

stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L

Sucrose has a molecular mass of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose, _____.

With a high specific heat, a large body of water can absorb and store a huge amount of heat from the sun in the daytime and during summer while warming up only a few degrees. As this water generally cools during the night and during winter, it warms the air, contributing to milder climates in coastal regions.

Summarize how water's high specific heat contributes to the moderation of temperature. How is this property important to life?

A measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch a surface

Surface Tension

Creates the skin-like surface and droplets or beading formed due to the polar nature of water

Surface Tension

How easy/hard it is to break/stretch the surface of liquids. -Water has high surface tension (is really strong) because at the interface of air and water, there's an arrangement of molecules hydrogen bonded to one another.

Surface Tension

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Surface tension

heat of vaporization

Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high _____.

Which has higher thermal energy, swimming pool or coffee pot and why?

Swimming pool, greater volume

intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy

Temperature

this represents average K.E. of molecules in a body of matter

Temperature

False

Ten to twenty percent of the body weight in humans is from water.

Capillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity

electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attrom electrons in a bond with another atom is termed

both caused by water's partial charges

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are _____.

increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for calcifying organisms

The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans _____.

Hydrolysis

The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules.

the specific heat of that substance

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by one °C is defined as _____.

the heat of vaporization of that substance

The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as _____.

..

The pH Scale

the unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule

The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of _____.

cohesion

The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is _____.

True

The polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule create slight positively and negatively charged ends to the molecule.

Things dissolving in water is possible due to...

The polarity of water

keeps water moving through the vessels in a tree trunk acts to moderate temperature provides the surface tension that allows leaves to float on water is called cohesion All of the listed responses are correct.

The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding _____.

Kinetic energy due to the random movement of atoms. **NOT THE SAME AS TEMPERATURE , but related -Total TE depends on volume

Thermal Energy

kinetic energy of motion with random movement of atoms or molecules is...

Thermal energy

the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Thermal energy

What happens when two objects of different temperature are brought together?

Thermal energy pass from warmer to cooler object

Which statement is true of pH buffers?

They consist of weak acids and weak bases

Water, which is neutral with a pH of 7, has an equal number of H+ and OH- ions

To go a step further, the product of H+ and OH- concentrations is constant at 10-14. [H+] [OH-] = 10-14

Gravity

Trees take up water from their roots. Water must travel up against ____ up to all of the branches and leaves.

Water absorbs heat from the air and releases the stored heat to cooler air

True or False:

The specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C. Water's specific heat is unusually high at 1 cal/g•°C, whereas alcohol's specific heat is is 0.6 cal/g•°C.

Water has high specific heat. What does this mean? How does water's specific heat compare to alcohol's specific heat?

Transpiration in Water

Water is carried from the roots to the stomata. There it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere

Dehydration reaction

Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule.

Ice floats

Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C.

Compare specific heat of iron and water

Water is ten times greater

True

Water is the universal solvent, transporting dissolved substance in bodily fluids

a higher boiling point

Water molecules have _____ than molecules of similar size, such as ammonia and methane, reflecting its capacity to absorb large amounts of heat.

True

Water plays a major role in our bodies' chemical reactions

False

Water plays a much more important role in plants than in animals, due to the role of water in photosynthesis

Turgid pressure in plants

Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed.

1 cal/g x C degrees Changes temperature less than other liquids/objects absorb/lose heat. Resists change in its temperature. It takes a lot of absorbing/losing for each degree of change. (The same amount of heat will raise the temperature of 1 gram of iron much faster than it will raise the temperature of 1 gram of water)

Water's High Specific Heat

Polarity of H20

Water's Versatility as Solvent

To evaporate 1 gram of water at 25 degrees C, 580 cal of heat is needed (double the amount for alcohol). **Property resulting from the strength of its hydrogen bonds (which must be broken before molecules can exit the liquid in the form of vapor)

Water's high heat vaporization

1 cal/g/C

Water's specific heat

Leads to water's unique emergent properties that help make Earth suitable for life.

Water's structure allows it to interact with other molecules, including other water molecules!! Trace water's unique behavior to the structure and interactions of its molecules!!

Why is water having a high boiling point important for life?

We are made up of about 70% water; The oceans don't boil away at high temperatures; Humans don't boil away at high temperatures

It can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature

What does it mean when a substance has a high specific heat?

because of hydrogen bonding, at temperatures above 4 degree celsius , water behaves like other liquids (expanding as it warms, contracting as it cools), molecules began to freeze when molecules no longer move vigorously to break hydrogen bonds. At O degree celsius, the water is locked in crystalline lattice and keeps hydrogen bonds at "arm's length", at temperatures above 4 degrees Celsius, bonds are free to slip close

What happens to the density of water as temperature decreases?

the actual [H+] and [OH-] changes greatly.

What happens when pH changes slightly?

Maintains equillibrium

What has a pH of 7 pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]. How is water assigned a pH of 7?

Since oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the electrons of the covalent bonds between them are more strongly attracted to oxygen's than hydrogen's nucleus. This unequal distribution of electrons makes water a polar molecule, meaning that the two ends of the molecule have opposite charges.

What is a polar molecule? Why is water considered polar?

Carbonic acid H2CO3 <----> HCO3- + H+ See more in notes.

What is an example of a buffer that stabilizes biological pH in blood?

The heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. The heat of vaporization accounts for the severity of steam burns, burns caused by the heat energy released when steam condenses into liquid on the skin.

What is heat of vaporization? Explain at least three effects of this property on living organisms.

10-7 M

What is the concentration of each ion in pure water at 25 degrees celsius?

10-7 M (at 25°C)

What is the concentration of each ion in pure water at 25°C?

10E-14 If acid is added to the solution to increase [H+] (ex. to 10E-5], then [OH-] will decline by an equivalent factor so that when they are multiplied, it is still that constant.

What is the constant of [H+][OH-] in any aqueous solution at 25 degrees C?

Can drastically affect cells

What is the danger of disrupting the balance of H+ and OH-?

H2O

What is the molecule that supports all life?

6

What is the pH of urine?

1 calorie/1 gram/I degree Celsius

What is the specific heat of water?

1 cal/g/degree C

What is water's specific heat?

Carbon dioxide

What products of fossil fuel burning contribute to acid precipitation?

hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) (we will represent the hydronium ion as H+)

What two ions form when water dissociates?

hydronium ion hydroxide ion

What two ions form when water dissociates?

In 2008, the robotic spacecraft Phoenix found ice present just under the material on Mars's surface, and detected sufficient water vapor in the Martian atmosphere for frost to form.

What water-related evidence do scientists have that suggests life may exist on other planets?

Everything would freeze. Ice frozen on top allows life underneath to survive

What would happen to organisms if ice froze at the bottom?

Adhesion

When water molecules stick to other molecules

Cohesion

When water molecules stick to other water molecules

acidic (pH 2)

When you add HCl to a substance, it becomes more ______

basic (pH 12)

When you add NaOH to a substance, the solution becomes more _______

Between oppositely charged atoms of different molecules.

Where do the properties of H20 arise from?

condensing 5 g of steam to liquid water

Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat?

Adhesion: water molecules attached to other water molecules to form a bead.

Which is demonstrated when you see beads of water on a waxed car hood?

The significant increase in Arctic air temperature over the past 50 years is causing sea ice to form later in the year, to melt earlier, and to cover a smaller area each year.

Which of the following accurately relates the emergent properties of water to the effects of global warming in the Arctic?

HF → H⁺ + F⁻

Which of the following dissociations is that of an acid?

It washes away some minerals that are plant nutrients, and causes some toxic minerals to accumulate.

Which of the following statements is true about acid precipitation?

The point at which the surface of the water interacts with air is an ordered molecular arrangement, causing the water to behave as though coated with an invisible film. This is attributable to water's high surface tension.

Which property explains the ability of a water strider to walk on water?

Cohesive force

While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times

In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water.

Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules?

Because they are attracted to one another

Why do molecules of any liquid stay close together?

Ice is less dense than water. Less than 4 degrees Celsius water begins to freeze because more of its molecules move too slow to break hydrogen bonds

Why does ice float? Why is 4 degrees Celsius a critical temperature?

Sodas typically contain sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water. The best term to describe this mixture would be _____.

an aqueous solution

The open spaces in water's crystal structure make it possible for ...

aquatic life to exist at the North Pole

a solution in which water is the solvent

aqueous solution

one in which water is the solvent

aqueous solution

water is solvent

aqueous solution

hydrophobic because they have relatively nonpolar bonds

are oil molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

6.02 x 10^23

avogadro's number

a substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

base

decreases hydrogen concentration

bases

reduce H+ concentration

bases

more than 7

basic

water

biologists seeking life on other planets have concentrated their search on planets that might have what?

substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

buffers

weak acids and bases

buffers

unit of energy

calorie

Hydrogen bonds

can form between H and N.

yes as long as they have ionic and polar regions

can large polar molecules such as proteins dissolve in water?

to polynucleotides wrap around eachother

double Helix

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.

electronegativity

Proteins (macromolecules) that speed up chemical reactions

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts

enzymes

What process exerts the pull on water molecules that is relayed from leaf to root via cohesion?

evaporation

process of liquid becoming gas

evaporation

the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

evaporative cooling

transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

evaporative cooling

temperature in organisms and bodies of water

evaporative cooling of water stabilizes what

it accepts hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donates hydrogen ions to the solution when they are depleting

even a slight change in pH can be harmful. how do buffers moderate pH change?

capillary action

example of adhesion

Carbonic acid dissociates to yield a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion. the chemical equilibrium regulates pH. if H+ concentration falls, the reaction goes to the right and more carbonic acid dissociates and replenishes hydrogen ions

exercise results in the production of CO2, which will acidify the blood. Explain the buffering system that minimizes pH changes.

heat must be absorbed in order to break hydrogen bonds and heat is released when hydrogen bonds form. Lots of heat is used to disrupt hydrogen bonds before water molecules can move faster. the temperature of water goes down, lots of hydrogen bonds form, and release energy as heat.

explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat.

H+ concentration is greater in pH of 8

explain the difference between a pH of 8 and a pH of 12 in terms of H+ concentration.

water is less dense as a solid than a liquid

explain why ice floats

molecules as large as proteins can dissolve in water as well as biological fluids, sap, and liquid in cells

explain why water is such a fine solvent

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triglyceride.

fat

hydrophobic

fats and lipids are hydrophilic or hydrophibic

consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain, usually 16 or 18 carbon atoms in length

fatty acid

monomer of lipids

fatty acids

an alcohol composed of a 3-carbon chain, which can serve as the backbone for a triglyceride

gylcerol

hydrophobic

having no affinity for water; repels water

transfer from one body of matter to another

heat

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas

heat of vaporization

Because organisms are made primarily of water, they resist rapid temperature changes. This useful quality is based on water's _____

high specific heat

Natural buffers enable living organisms to maintain _________________

homeostasis

adding certain solutes, acids and bases

how do you modify the concentrations of H+ and OH-?

1. the hydrogen atom leaves its electrons behind and is transferred as a proton, or hydrogen ion (H+) 2. molecule lost the proton is an hydroxide ion (OH-) 3. molecule with an extra proton is a hydronium ion (H3O)

how does a hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules sift from one to the other?

four

how many emergent properties of water are there?

one molecule cannot have a hydrogen bond on its own, but it can hydrogen bond to at most four other water molecules

how many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

more than 800 planets; there is evidence that a few of them have water vapor

how many planets have been found outside of our solar system?

100; (10x10)

how many times more acidic is a pH of 3 compared to a pH of 5?

10,000; (10x10x10x10)

how many times more basic is a pH of 12 compared to a pH of 8?

about 25%

how much of human generated CO2 is absorbed by the oceans?

sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

hydration shell

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called

hydrogen

Water has surface tension because ...

hydrogen bonds between surface water molecules resist being stretched.

In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.

hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

hydrolysis reaction

H3O+

hydronium ion

Less water molecules in any volume of _________ than in the same volume of liquid water

ice

constant and can be written as [H+][OH-]=10^-14

in any aqueous solution at 25 degrees celsius, the product of H+ and OH- is _______

oxygen; hydrogen

in the water molecule, the electrons of the polar covalent bonds spend more time near the ______ than the ______

An acid is a substance that _____.

increases the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another; A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

ionic bond

Heat needed to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius

kilocalorie

the energy of motion

kinetic energy

When water freezes, Hydrogen bonds are no longer breaking and reforming and they are frozen in a ___________ arrangement

lattice

In a gaseous state, water has the _________ number of Hydrogen Bonds

least

sum of all atoms

molecular weight

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

monomers

monomer of carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, galactose: single simple sugars

monosaccharides

A fatty acid with one double bond between carbon atoms

monosaturated fatty acid

In a solid state, water has the ___________ number of Hydrogen Bonds

most

6 to 8

most biological fluids have pH values in the range of ____ to _____

ranges from 6 to 8

most biological fluids have what pH value?

hydrophilic

most carbohydrates are hydrophilic or hydrophobic

What makes water molecule more structured than other molecules?

multiple hydrogen bonds

the hydrogen bond that it has results in a nonpolar covalent bond; hydrophobic molecules related to oils are a big part of cell membranes and are hydrophobic so the membrane does not dissolve

oil floating in water- explain in terms of hydrogen bonding

Examples of nonpolar molecules

oils, waxes, and fats

hydrogen bonding

oppositely charged regions of neighboring water molecules are attracted to each other; each molecule can hydrogen bond to multiple partners and they constantly change

_________________ attract

opposites

covalent bond formed between amino acids; The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

peptide bond

The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.

peptide bonds

PO4

phosphate group

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. also a component of biological membranes having a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

phospholipids

In water, the electrons are not shared equally creating a ___________ molecule

polar

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.

polar

a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive

polar molecule

hydrogen bonds with each other

polarity allows water molecules to form what

are long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

polypeptide chains

Has many double bonds. Not packed tightly at all. Liquid at room temp. Double bond susceptible to oxidation. Ex: Vegetable Oil.

polysaturated fatty acids

Hydrogen atoms form between adjacent water molecules because the ______________ charged hydrogen end of one water molecule attracts the _______________ charged oxygen end of another molecule

positively; negatively

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

primary structure

as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

process of evaporative cooling

determines how (or if) it works

protein's conformation

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

saturated fatty acid

Because of ocean acidification, the price of which of the following foods is most likely to increase?

shellfish

hormones and other chemical messengers that coordinate body activities by helping communicate between cells

signal proteins

liquid completely homogeneous of two or more substances

solution

Water is called the universal _______________

solvent

the dissolving agent of a solution

solvent

Water having a high __________________ allows water to resist changes in state, retain heat energy much more than other substances, and moderate temperatures of a nearby area

specific heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C

specific heat

1 cal/(g • °C)

specific heat of water

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. cholesterol and hormones are examples

steroid

evaporation of water into the atmosphere from leaves and stems of plants

transpiration

hemoglobin in red cells that delivers O2 to working muscles and tissues throughout the body.

transport protein

Energy, because DNA strands are held together by the hydrogen bonds

two DNA strands must first separate into two single strands for DNA to be replicated. Do you think the process of strand separation requires energy, or do you think the strands can separate spontaneously?

high surface tension

water has an unusually ______ ________ _______ due to hydrogen bonding between the molecules at the air water interface and to the water below

Why will water not change its temperature often?

water has high specific heat

Polarity allows what

water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

4°C

water reaches its greatest density at

human activities such as burning fossil fuels

what threatens air quality?

H+ and OH-

what two ions form when water dissociates?

a polar molecule (overall charge is unevenly distributed)

what type of molecule is a water molecule

because of its high specific heat

why does water resists changing its temperature?

- ice forms a crystalline structure - ice has fewer molecules per volume - it is less dense

why ice floats

water reaches its greatest density at 4 degrees celsius

why is 4 degrees celsius a critical temperature with water?

because of its polarity

why is water a versatile solvent?

Which statement is true of water's tensile strength?

(a)It results from hydrogen bonding. (b) It helps to pull water through plants. (c) It involves both cohesion and adhesion.

What pH values are considered acidic?

0 to 7

What is the pH of battery acid?

1

The amount of energy that must be absorbed or lost to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C _____.

1 calorie

What atoms is water made of?

1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen

Which factor is important in making it possible to cool yourself by sweating? Think carefully!

1. Molecules collide with varied angles and speeds. 2. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak.

Base

1. NaOH -> Na+ + OH- 2. NH3 + H2O -> NH4 + OH-

Four ways water properties contribute to life environment

1. cohesion and adhesion 2. ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versatility as a solvent

1000

1kcal = ________ cal

How many partial negative charged areas are in water?

2

What is the pH of lemon juice?

2

ow much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans on a daily basis?

20 million metric tons

-moderates earth's climate (helps us live) -accounts for severity of steam burns -releases heat and forms rain

3 effects of heat vaporization on living organisms

fats, phospholopipids, steroids

3 types of lipids

How many hydrogen bonds can water make?

4

In what temperature does the water reach its greatest density?

4 degrees Celsius

Neutral ph

7

What is the neutral pH?

7

What pH values are considered basic?

7 to 14

Select the statement that best describes a buffer.

A buffer resists change in pH by accepting hydrogen ions when acids are added to the solution and donating hydrogen ions when bases are added.

0.092 g

A mole of ethyl alcohol weighs 46 g. How many grams of ethyl alcohol are needed to produce 1 L of a 2-millimolar (2 mM) solution?

Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water?

A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond.

Hydrogen Bond

A relatively weak bond between the partial negative side of one molecule and partial positive side of another molecule

100 times more H⁺

A solution at pH 6 contains _____ than the same amount of solution at pH 8.

buffer

A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H⁺ and OH⁻ in a solution is a _____.

clinging of a substance to another

Adhesion

the clinging of one substance to another

Adhesion

the clinging of one substance to another substance

Adhesion is best described as _____.

Water is both cohesive and ______________

Adhesive

An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins.

Amino Acid

amino group w/ carboxyl group

Amino Acids

-NH 2 a N bonded to two H and the carbon skeleton.

Amino Group

the solute is dissolved in water; water is the solvant

Aqueous solution

solvent, solute, nonpolar.

As a result of electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great _______ because water can break up and surround a ______, as long as it is not ______, dissolving it into solution

True

As temperature drops the bonds between water molecules are less likely to break

evaportates

As water ____ from the pores in the leaves,more water is pulled up from below resulting in a constant supply of water moving up through the vessels of a plant

At any temperature because temperature is just an average quantity. Even at low temperatures, the speediest molecules can escape into the air. Its just the difference in speed. Liquid heated --> Average kinetic energy increases & liquid evaporates quickly

At what temperature can evaporation occur?

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution; ph greater than 7

Base

Gives off excess Hydroxyl Ions (OH) when dissolved in water; removes excess (H) ions

Base

Important to suit environment for life. Allows life under water.

Benefits of Ice being Less Dense

Example of adhesion

Between water and cell wall

C 6

Carbon

A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms; polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

Cellulose

polymer of glucose, able to form microfibrils in plants/most abundant organic compound

Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

Chitin

holding a substance together

Cohesion

Water is both _________ and adhesive

Cohesive

Coffee is the solvent and sugar is the solute.

Consider coffee to which you have added sugar. Which of these is the solvent? Which is the solute?

Water bugs floating on water etc.

Contribution of Surface Tension

Adhesion of water by H bonds to the molecules of cell walls helps counter downward pull

Contributions

Electrons are shared between two atoms

Covalent Bond

Heat of Vaporization-- quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. 1. moderate earth's climate 2. severity of steam burns on skin 3. sweat in humans

Define Heat of Vaporization. Explain at least three effects of this property on living organisms

1. Moderate climate (lots of solar heat absorbed --> evaporation --> condensation) 2. Severity of steam burns: Heat energy is released when steam condenses into liquid on the skin.

Effects of Water's High Heat Vaporization

Covalent Bond

Electrons are shared between two atoms

Ionic bonds

Electrons are transferred between two atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which then attract to each other. Na+ + Cl- --> NaCl

Why is there a partial negative charge near the hydrogen atom?

Electrons spend less time there

Why is there a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom?

Electrons spend more time there

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Enzymes

When heated and kinetic energy increases, molecules vibrate rapidly and evaporate, and as they evaporate from the surface, heat is taken with it, cooling off the surface

Evaporative Coolant

As liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down (temp. decreases) -Because the hottest molecules are most likely to leave as a gas.

Evaporative cooling

as a liquid evaporates the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down

Evaporative cooling

remains of a liquid cool down

Evaporative cooling

presence of sulfur oxides/nitrogen oxides and gaseous compounds react with air and goes into lakes, oceans, and soil, affecting animal life

Extent of acid precipitation

A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Fat

1. Burning of fossil fuels 2. Ocean acidification

Give two reasons precipitation is more acidic today than compared to 1900

Base

Gives off excess Hydroxyl Ions when dissolved in water; removes excess H

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

Glycogen

animal storage of glucose

Glycogen

acid

H+ ions

Form of energy that flows between two substances due to differences in temp. Thermal energy in the transfer from one body to another. Unit: Calorie

Heat

What must be absorbed to break hydrogen bond?

Heat

thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

Heat

total kinetic energy due to molecular motion

Heat

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to gas.

Heat Vaporization

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

Heat of vaporization

Water has __________ surface tension

High

Example of an acid

Hydrochloric acid

-Reversible reaction

Hydrogen Atoms in a Hydrogen Bond with Water Molecules can shift from one to another.

Systems for temperature regulation would have to be much more efficient.

Imagine that organisms consisted of 70-95% alcohol instead of 70-95% water. Alcohol's specific heat is about half that of water. How would living things be different?

the oxygen atom in one water molecule and a hydrogen atom in another water molecule

In a group of water molecules, hydrogen bonds form between _____.

molecules are hydrophobic

Insoluble

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties.

Isomers

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Lipids

oxygen attracts electrons more than hydrogen does

Most of water's unique features (for example, its versatility as a solvent, ability to moderate temperature, and cohesive behavior) result from the fact that _____.

Nitrogen

N (element)

Oxygen has partial what charge?

Negative

[H+]=[OH-] 7

Neutral pH

Could "life" exist without the presence of water?

No

Dissolve when water molecules surround & form H bonds with them.

Non-ionic compounds dissolving - POLAR MOLECULES (ex. Sugar)

What makes a substance hydrophobic?

Nonionic and nonpolar

a process when C0₂ dissolves in seawater, and forms carbonic acid (lowers the ocean pH)

Ocean acidification

Neutral is located at pH 7. Acidity increases from 7 to 0. Baseness increases from 7 to 14. Pure water has a pH of 7, urine has a pH of 6, gastric juice has a pH of 2, and bleach has a pH of 13.

On the pH chart, label pH 1-14. Label neutral, acid, and base. Indicate the locations of pure water, urine, gastric juice, and bleach.

Carbon-based molecules that usually contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon.

Organic Compounds

carbon based molecules

Organic Compounds

Water has a _______________________ charge near the oxygen atom

Partial Negative

-OPO3^-2/consists of a phophorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. Usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms. example=organic phosphates.

Phosphate Group

-OPO3^2- a P atom bonded to four O atoms.

Phosphate Group

contain a phosphate group and attach to 2 fatty acids rather than three

Phospholypids

Which statement must be mentioned in explaining why amphipathic molecules line up at a water surface?

Polar groups attract one another.

A molecule that has electrically charged areas

Polar molecule

Unequal sharing of electrons/uneven charge distribution

Polar molecule

Chemical reactions

Require energy to begin, usually require a catalyst to speed up the process, reversible, and occur in liquid environments such as water

water molecules stay close to each other

Result of hydrogen bonding

stability of temperatures in lakes and ponds

Result of water's high heat of vaporization?

fatty acid containing only single bonds

Saturated Fatty Acid

Solution- Liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substance Solvent- Dissolving agent Solute: Substance that's dissolved Aqueous Solution: Solute that is dissolved in water solvent.

Solution, Solvent, Solute, Aqueous Solution

dissolving agent of a solution WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT

Solvent

the substance in which a solute is dissolved

Solvent

their molecules have no charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere

Some substances, such as oil and gasoline, will not dissolve in water because _____.

Amount of heat absorbed or lost for 1g o that substance to change its temp by 1 degree Celsius. Water has a HIGH specific heat.

Specific Heat

Why does ice float in liquid water?

Stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than water molecules of liquid water

A storage polysaccharide found in the roots of plants and certain other cells; a polymer of glucose.

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Starch

a storage polysaccharide in plants

Starch

A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached; examples are cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

Steroid

lipids containing 4 fused rings

Steroids

HCL & NaOH Dissociate completely when mixed with H20 One sided reaction arrow

Strong acid/base

The oxygen is in the center (red), with hydrogen on either side (white).

Study the water molecules at the right. On the central molecule, label oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H).

Glucose+Fructose

Sucrose

ex) Ice cools hot water by absorbing thermal energy (not by releasing).

TE passes from warm to cooler object until the two are the same temperatures.

Average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

Temperature

Measure of energy (in degrees) of average KE (thermal energy) of atoms in body of matter -Higher temp = higher KE -Regardless of volume

Temperature

a measure of energy that represents average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter

Temperature

cohesion, hydrogen

The _____ of the water molecules, resulting from ____ bonds between water molecules, causes a movement of water through the plants vessels as it moves up from the roots.

False

The bonds between water molecules are stable.

A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1ºC and also the amount of heat released by 1g of water when it cools by 1ºC. One calorie is equal to 4.184J.

The calorie is a unit of heat. Define Calorie.

Solvent

The charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution.

True

The fluid nature of water is due to hydrogen bonds continually breaking and reforming.

False

The high specific heat of water means that we only lose a small amount of heat when the sweat on our skin evaporates

7

The internal pH of most living cells is close to _____

The solutes in blood lower its freezing point

The liquid portion of blood of animals, including humans, is a watery solution containing many dissolved solutes, such as Na+ and Cl−. Would you predict that the freezing point of blood is above, below, or the same as that of water?

The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, are at about the same latitude, but Minneapolis has much hotter summers and much colder winters than Portland. Why?

The ocean near Portland moderates the temperature.

specific heat

The reason that coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates is due primarily to water's high _____.

molecular mass

The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms of a molecule is its

Evaporated cooling

The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor.

polar molecule

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and the hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a ____ molecule

High surface tension in water

There are fewer molecules at the surface of a pool of water so the molecules have a greater attraction to each other

How do organisms resist changes in pH?

They use buffers

An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of vegetable oils, which is linked to health risks.

Trans Fats

a form of fat that recent research associates with health risks

Trans Fats

Evaporation of water through plant leaves

Transpiration

_______________ is the process of water evaporating from the leaves of plants through the stomata

Transpiration

Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and therefore have one or more double covalent bonds. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids do not solidify at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

fatty acid containing one or more double bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

what makes water a polar molecule?

V shape and unequal sharing

Liquid to gas

Vaporization

Liquid ---> vapor Molecules need to move fast enough can overcome attraction and depart into a vapor.

Vaporization/ Evaporation

universal solvent

WATER

What is solvent in lemonade?

Water

What molecule is this?

Water

True

Water bathes organs in fluid, which provides protection and support

Although this question is rhetorical, the concentration of [H+] = 10-7

Water has a pH of 7. pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]. Can you now see how water is assigned a pH of 7?

the opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges

Water is a polar molecule. This means that _____.

polar

Water is a very versatile solvent because water molecules are _____.

Reversible rxns Accept and release back H+

Weak acid/base

[H+]= 10E-7 [OH-]=10E-7 [H+][OH-]=10E-14

What are the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a neutral solution at 25 degrees C?

Polarity of the water molecule! Charge distribution where the O are slightly (-) and H are slightly (+)

What causes hydrogen bonding with water molecules?

All are properties related to hydrogen bonding.

What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water?

10^-6

What is the OH− concentration at pH 8?

Evaporative Coolant

When heated and kinetic energy increases, molecules vibrate rapidly and evaporate, and as they evaporate from the surface, heat is taken with it, cooling off the surface

The oil would be in the center of the soap micelles.

When oil dissolves in soap, where is the oil found?

It has increased by 10,000 times.

When the pH of a solution shifts from 7 to 3, how has the hydrogen ion concentration changed?

Buffers.

Why does the addition of acid have less of an effect on the pH of blood than the pH of water?

Hydrogen bonding

Why does water expand when it solidifies, whereas other liquids contract when they solidify??

hydrogen bonds between molecules at the air-water interface and the water below

Why does water have such a high surface tension?

It has numerous slightly (+) and (-) regions that can form H Bonds with H20. Water adheres to cellulose fibers. -That is why cotton is good at drying things. -Cellulose is also apart of plant walls (adhesion of h20 to hydrophilic walls helps h20 move up the plant against gravity)

Why is Cellulose hydrophilic?

More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO₃²⁻).

Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern?

Overall charge unevenly distributed

Why is water considered polar?

the oxygen region is partial negative and the hydrogen region is partial positive

Why is water considered polar?

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen and the electrons of the polar bonds spend more time near oxygen thus, making oxygen more negativity charged and hydrogen more positively charged

Why is water polar?

Most substances dissolve in ater. No need for ionic for ionic compounds

Why is water such a fine solvent?

contributes to the fitness of the Earth including other water properties like its cohesion, ability to stabilize temperature, expansion upon freezing, as well as its versatility as a solvent

Why is water's polarity significant?

Oil molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with water and thus behave hydrophobically, because there is a prevalence of relatively nonpolar covalent bonds—in this case, bonds between the carbon and hydrogen, which share electrons almost equally.

You already know that some materials, such as olive oil, will not dissolve in water. In fact, oil will float on top of water. Explain this property in terms of hydrogen bonding.

surface tension

You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon?

acid

_____ is formed when a Carboxyl Group is added

alcohol

_____ is formed when a Hydroxyl Group is added

starch

_____ made up of only glucose monosacchrides used for storage in plants

water's

_____ unique emergent properties help make Earth suitable for life

solution

a liquid that's a homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Dissolving is best described as ..

a mingling of molecules and/or ions

[H+] is 10^-7, so pH=-(-7)=7

a neutral aqueous solution

acid

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

base

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Buffers work best when ...

about half of the buffer molecules are dissociated.

What is the main reason that the oceans are becoming more acidic?

absorption by the oceans of carbon dioxide generated by burning fossil fuels

a substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution

acid

less than 7

acidic

Proton donors

acids

increase H+ concentration

acids

increase hydrogen concentration

acids

an attraction between water molecules and other substances (water and other)

adhesion

is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls

adhesion

Which property of water allows a paper towel to pick up a puddle of water?

adhesion of water molecules to other kinds of molecules

monomers of proteins

amino acids

A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

amino group

Opposites _____________

attract

When water freezes, Hydrogen bonds are no longer _________________________ and they are frozen in a lattice arrangement

breaking and reforming

substance that minimizes changes in H+/OH- concentration

buffers

cohesion (water and water) adhesion (water to surface of xylum)

capillary action

What is the chemical reaction responsible for the oceans becoming more acidic?

carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, forming carbonic acid

The chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule.

carbon skeleton

A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. C=O a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom

carbonyl group

A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. COOH

carboxyl group

solvent is coffee; solute is sugar

coffee with sugar added; which is solvent? solute?

helps the transport of water against gravity in plants

cohesion

Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with _____.

compounds that have polar covalent bonds

equal

concentrations of H+ and OH- are _____ in pure water

ice is less dense as a solid than a liquid. If ice sank, eventually all ponds and bodies of water would freeze over and kill life. the ice stays onto so that it doesn't freeze beneath and life can exist under the ice

consider what would happen if ponds and other bodies of water accumulated ice at the bottom and describe why this property of water is important

In water, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together by _____________ bonds

covalent

antibodies of the immune system

defensive proteins

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

dehydration reaction

sugar in DNA; five carbon sugar

deoxyribose

water enters the root

diffusion

strong acids and bases

do strong or weak acids and bases dissociate completely in water?

increase molecules vibrate faster

does heat energy increase or decrease kinetic energy?

Ice __________________ in liquid water

floats

Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds

four , hydrogen

1. cohesive behavior 2. ability to moderate temperature 3. expansion upon freezing 4. versatility as a solvent

four emergent properties of water:

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function

gene expression

an alcohol with three carbons each bearing a hydroxyl group

glycerol

Liquid water

has a heat of vaporization higher than that of most other substances

To make a buffer, you need to ...

have a weak acid or a weak base half ionized in water.

hydrophilic

having an affinity for water; can dissolve in water, but not always

sphere of water molecules around dissolved ions

hydration shell

cohesion

hydrogen bonds hold the substance together, contributes to transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

cohesion

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, a phenomenon called

hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton

hydrogen ion (H+)

H30+

hydronium ion

the molecule with the extra proton, often represented as H+

hydronium ion (H3O+)

one that has an affinity for water

hydrophilic substance

"water loving" has an affinity for water

hydrophillic

"water fearing" does not have an affinity for water

hydrophobic

one that does not have an affinity for water

hydrophobic substance

water loving/hating

hydrophobic/philic substances

What does acid remove?

hydroxide ion (OH-)

molecule that lost the proton

hydroxide ion (OH-)

OH-

hydroxyl group

In an organic molecule, a functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. alcohol

hydroxyl group (-OH)

500,000 cal 500"cal" = 500kcal = (500x1000) = 500,000

if a food claims it has 500 calories, how many calories is it really?

Though you add heat, the temperature of boiling water remains constant because ...

it takes energy to break hydrogen bonds

diverse compounds that are grouped together because they don't mix well with water.

lipids

Less water molecules in any volume of ice than in the same volume of __________________

liquid water

an anzyme found in sweat,tears and saliva

lysozyme

long-term energy storage. (a gram of fat stores more than 2X as much energy as a gram of polysaccharide.

main function of fats

hydrophobic molecules related to oils oils

major ingredients of cell membranes

thermal energy depends on

mass and temperature

concentration measured by number of mols/liter of solution

molarity

the molecular weightof a substance expressed in grams (6.02 x 10^23)

mole

sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule

molecular mass

7

neutral

Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are _____.

non polar substances that repel water

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

monomers that make up nucleic acides (3 parts: sugar, phosphate group, nitogen base (5 different ones) ).

nucleotides

CO2 dissolved in sea water forms carbonic acid

ocean acidification

CO2 dissolved in seawater which forms carbonic acid

ocean acidification

when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH

ocean acidification

Examples of hydrophobic molecules

oils, waxes, and fats

Why is water polar?

oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

pH= -log (H+)

pH

Describes how acidic or basic a solution is

pH scale

measures concentration of H+ (scale from 1-14)

pH scale

measures how acidic or base a substance is (0-14)

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

pH scale

As H+ concentration increases

ph decreases

hydrogen bonding

polar covalent bonds in water results in

heat of vaporization

quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to convert to gas

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

quaternary structure

built into cell membranes and transmit signals into cells

receptor proteins

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

secondary structure

NaCl (table salt)

sodium chloride

Water has a higher density as a liquid than as a ____________

solid

the substance dissolved by the solvent

solute

the substance that is dissolved

solute

a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of substances

solution

a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances

solution

dissolving agent

solvent

the protein of egg white which serves as a source of amino acides for developing embryos

storage proteins

completely ionized when dissolved in water

strong acids and bases

found in hair and the fibers that make up connective tissues (tendons and ligaments)

structural proteins

bodies of water can absorb tons of heat from the sun. when it gets colder outside, the water can warm the air, which makes a milder climate and stabilizes ocean temperatures. This is important to life because marine life has a favorable environment and keeps temperature fluctuations within limits that permit life.

summarize how water's high specific heat contributes to the moderation of temperature. How is this property important to life?

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

surface tension

Cohesion of water molecules along a surface produces what

surface tension

is a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

surface tension

Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a s light change in its own...

temperature

represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

temperature

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

tertiary structure

adhesion

the clinging of one substance to another, helps counter gravity

Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4; solution Y has a pH of 7. From this information, we can reasonably conclude that _____.

the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 1000 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y

solvent

the dissolving agent of a solution; water is the most versatile

The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because _____.

the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus

determined by amino acid composition

the functions of all these different types of proteins depend on their specific shape

water

the only common substance to exist in the natural environment in all three physical states of matter is

pH=-log[H+]

the pH of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+, which can be written as?

water molecule

the structure of the _____ ________ allows it to interact with other molecules

evaporation

the transformation from a liquid to a gas

Heat energy

thermal energy

the kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules

thermal energy

same as heat

total kinetic energy

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

triglyceride

linking 3 fatty acides to glycerol produces a fat-energy storage

triglyceride

True or False: bases will give off O ions to make it more basic, H ions to make it more acidic

true

True or false: Polar attractions are weaker than covalent bonds

true

a fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds

unsaturated fatty acid

amount of heat needed to turn liquid into gas

vaporization

An example of Hydrophobic is

vegetable oil

water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed

wate is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, which means?

warmer air; cooler air

water absorbs heat from _____ ____ and releases stored heat to _____ ____

large; slight

water can absorb or release a _______ amount of heat with only a ______ change in its own temperature

nonionic polar

water can also dissolve compounds made of ________ _______ molecules

Concentration of H+ =10^-7; log of 10^-7=7 so pH=7

water has a pH of 7. pH is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]. Can you now see how water is assigned a pH of 7?

Which property of water allows a water strider to walk on water?

water's high surface tension

1. Cohesive and adhesive behavior 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Universal solvent

water's properties that facilitate an environment for life

only partly ionized in their solution

weak acids and bases

hydrogen bonding

what can water's high specific heat be traced to?

pH scale

what do biologists use to describe whether a solution is basic or acidic?

a weak acid and its corresponding base, which combine reversibly with H+ ions

what do most buffer contain?

reversibly release and accept back hydrogen ions, but can still shift the balance of H+ and OH- away from neutrality

what do weak acids and bases do?

calcification (production of calcium carbonate) by many marine organisms, including reef-building corals

what is carbonate required for?

adhesion; the water molecules are sticking to each other

what is demonstrated when you see beads of water on a waxed car hood?

10^-7 M

what is the concentration of each ion in pure water at 25 degrees celsius?

close to 7

what is the internal pH of most living cells?

CO2

what is the main product of fossil fuel combustion?

6

what is the pH for rainwater?

1

what is the pH of battery acid?

4

what is the pH of black coffee and tomato juice?

2

what is the pH of gastric juice?

11/12

what is the pH of household ammonia?

13

what is the pH of household bleach?

10

what is the pH of milk of magnesia?

14

what is the pH of oven cleaner?

7

what is the pH of saliva, pure water, and human blood?

8

what is the pH of seawater?

3

what is the pH of vinegar, wine, cola?

water

what is the solvent of life?

water

what makes life possible on earth?

mars

what planet in our solar system has been found to have water?

acidic solutions

what type of solution has pH values less than 7?

basic solutions

what type of solution has pH values more than 7?

all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life impossible on Earth

what would happen if ice sank?

each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a hydration shell

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water

absorbed

when hydrogen bonds break heat is ______

released

when hydrogen bonds form heat is _____

H+ ions combine with carbonate ions to produce bicarbonate

when seawater acidifies, what happens?

high surface tension of the water from the strength of the hydrogen bonds

which property explains the ability of a water strider to walk on water?

because hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered," making ice less dense than water

why does ice float in liquid water?

Is ice less dense than water?

yes


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