OCEANS-100 FINAL: last 3 chapters, 75% of exam

Biological Productivity

(Lots of photosynthesis) The amount of energy an organism can biologically accumulate in order to survive -Productivity: life (photosynthesis)

Coral reef tectonic location and why?

(Mostly hot spot volcanoes) -Near plate boundaries, volcanic activity forms underwater platforms that corals colonize -divergent boundaries and hot spots; NOT convergent because it cannot occur near a trench -mainly in West Pacific, some in Indian Ocean

The sea "plants": what are they?

(Not all in plantae but all do photosynthesis) 1. True plants- have seeds and root system attached to soil 2. Protists- algae (ex seaweed) 3. Bacteria

Protists (characteristics and examples)

(aka seaweed) A) Large algae -Brown, green, red algae B) Phytoplankton-->Most producers -Diatoms -Coccolithophores (Eukaryote) -Dinoflagellates (Eukaryote)

Heterotrophs:

- must eat other organisms to survive

What is the euphotic zone?

-"euphotic" means light -first 200m of the ocean where photosynthesis can occur -Vast majority of plants do not grow below the euphotic zone

How efficient is the uptake of energy at each trophic level?

-10% of each energy is passed on to each trophic level -90% of energy is lost between each trophic level

What is taken from algae for our use? and what kind of algae?

-Algae provides the bulk of the Earth's oxygen supply through photosynthesis -Red Algae-Irish Moss: carrageenan-thickener and emulsifier-->comes from algae -food (seaweed), medicine (agar found in red algae), use to produce fuel, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties, facial masks, lotions, anti-aging serum, shampoos and even toothpaste (seaweed)

Uses of whales?

-Blubber → oil for lamps, candle wax, anything that powers light -Baleen (upper jaw) → made into corsets -perfumes, candles, wax, soap, lubricant, fertilizer, makeup (lipstick) Intestines → oil for perfume -Meat → for consumption (main purpose)

1. Swimming/Buoyancy

-Fins/ swim bladder -Fish--Streamlined shape, fins (hydrodynamic, convergent evolution) -Mammals - modified limbs (flippers)

The countries that still do whaling and why?

-Japan, Norway, Iceland; they say it is for "scientific purposes" -Iceland: target minke and fin whales- $300 per pound

The angler fish - what does it do exactly and why important?

-Lucifern + oxygen = oxyluciferin + light--> Uses light to attract prey -Has adapted with bacteria to see in the dark (Mutualism) -The light attracts prey to their large teeth -male permanently attached to female for reproductive reasons

Where do shark attacks take place and why?

-Most take place on the east coast of the US -runner up=Coffin Bay Australia -then New Smyrna Beach, Fl

Conditions for reef formation:

-Shallow, warm, clear seawater -Strong sunlight -Hard substrate = volcanoes -Strong current -almost all reefs on active or inactive volcanoes--> build themselves upward

3. Gas Exchange

-Take in oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide -Fish: Diffusion -Mammals: Lungs (have to come up for air-more vulnerable)

What organisms are there?

-Tube worms, clams, mussels, crabs, fishes -400 new species at the bottom of the sea

Fossil ancestors of whales?

-Valley of the Whales (Egypt)-> fossils -Land animals with long skulls and carnivorous teeth, legs became shorter and hands/feet became enlarged like paddles--> Pakicetus

Base of the food web there?

-Vent bacteria and symbiotic bacteria -archaea -ancient prokaryotes

Sirenia

-aka "Sea Cows" Manatees and dugongs -Manatee: Flat tail, very slow, killed by boat propellers, located in Northern Hemisphere -Dugongs: Whale-like tail, graze on sea grasses on ocean floor, located -located mostly in Northern Hemisphere -All herbivores -Evolved from elephants -Endangered, in decline -Strictly marine

2. Avoiding Predators

-camouflage -traveling in schools -armour plates/ spines -stinging cells -speed -symbiotic relationships

Coral bleaching - what is it and why?

-coral loses its color because of ocean acidification, and warmer waters for too long of time--> pulps die -When temperatures increase the coral gets "stressed" and the algae leaves. The algae was the reason why the coral had color so losing the algae makes the coral turn white -coral loss: 20% since 1950, projected 50% in 2030

Primary Consumers:

-eat the producers, which makes them herbivores in most communities

4. Adaptations of Deep Sea Fishes

-good senses (eyes)-->huge eyes -large mouths and sharp teeth -expandable bodies -bioluminescence -male permanently attached to female

Atoll reef

-is a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. -Maldives

Whale Shark facts

-largest fish on earth; 15m -dosile/friendly (we can swim with it) -feeds mostly on plankton

Chemosynthesis

-photosynthesis is powered by sunlight while chemosynthesis runs on chemical energy. At these hydrothermal vents, vent bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide, add carbon dioxide and oxygen, and produce sugar, sulfur, and water: CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O -hydrogen sulfide (most important input)+ water + carbon dioxide + oxygen -->(chemosynthesis)--> sugar + sulfuric acid

Benthic realm characteristics

-rich with creatures of great diversity -very challenging environment and increase in nutrients--> new species -90% of creatures live in benthic realm cuz of natural selection/ evolution

Marine mammals

-streamlined body--> looks like fishes, reduces water friction -warm-blooded -high metabolism -large -blubber (fat) adaptation to cold conditions

Hydrothermal vents characteristics

-very hot -associated with divergent boundaries -cold water sinks into crust--> hot water rises, reacts with rock -Deep ocean floor (the black smokers)

The sharks - what do we know about them?

1. 80% of all species are not dangerous...people: 5-15 killed per year (all around the world, Sharks- 100 million killed per year 2. remarkable senses: smell, lateral line (allows them to sense vibrations), Ampullae of Lorenzini (sensory canals for electrical fields), dorsal fins (penetrating abilities) 3. very successful, well adapted fishes- evolved over 400my

Low productivity regions:

1. Open Ocean -Within subtropical gyres -no upwelling, no downwelling -Far from coast -permanent, strong Thermocline (stable waters) -30 degrees lat

What are the 3 major examples of Fisheries Mismanagement?

1. Overfishing 2. Bycatch (incidental) 3. Drift Nets

The regions of high productivity:

1. Polar regions -No thermocline; -Waters are uniformly cold -Lots of Photosynthesis (Life activity) 2. Coast -river run off, upwelling bc of Ekman Flow (esp. at Western Margin) -Water is cold 3. Coral Reefs -Water is warm -Lots of Photosynthetic organisms

the 2 benthic marine communities

1. coral reefs 2. hydrothermal vents

3 types of reefs:

1. fringing 2. barrier 3. atoll Plate motion dictates what type of reef it is!

Pirate trade

1/5 of the reported "legal" catch -unregulated, unlicensed, secretive, illegal

How long have sharks been around?

400 my

Ecosystems:

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

Why are the sea "plants" all autotrophs?

All are self sufficient meaning they can make their own food

2. Bycatch (incidental)

Animals killed during fishing of commercial species. -Averages 25% of the total catch -1970 Marine Mammal Protection Act -Ex. of animals incidentally killed: birds, turtles, sharks, dolphins, fishes

Respiration

Animals respirate, the opposite of photosynthesis

Producers:

Anything that photosynthesizes Autotrophs- self feeding (produce their own food)

Autotroph vs Heterotroph

Autotroph: makes own food Heterotroph: eats other organisms as food

Look at the map image below and choose the best statement:

BOTH ARE BARRIER REEFS

Mysticeti

Baleen whales

What is the function of the different levels of organisms?

Benthic organisms are also important members of the lower food web, consuming organic matter and phytoplankton and serving as food sources for higher-level consumers

The nature of light, the wavelength, light penetration in the oceans

Blue and green waves absorb deepest; red waves get absorbed first at the surface

Chondrichthyes fish

Cartilaginous fish -Sharks, rays -(chondr: cartillage and ichthyes: fish) -Cartilage skeleton -More flexible -ex) Great white shark, hammerhead shark, frilled shark

3 Orders of Marine Mammals

Cetacea (2 subgroups) Pinnipedia (2 subgroups) Sirenia (2 subgroups)

Examples of whales and types of whaling?

Commercial whaling - take vessel out to hunt large amount of whales for trade, consumption, etc. -Humpback, sperm, bowhead, and fin whales are all being commercially whaled Subsistence whaling - using harpoon canon to hunt whales -Common in Alaska to hunt bowhead whales

Energy flow through a biological system: What are the different levels?

Decomposers Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Top predators

World defaunation:

Depletion of marine & terrestrial mammals -2/3 of large mammals now extinct

The most abundant sea plants are ___

EUKARYOTES

Otariids

Eared seals

Implications for the origin of life on Earth?

Energy source for all life comes from the sun (aka, photosynthesis) or magma chambers. -Archea= oldest life on earth

Pirates still exist and they work mostly for the USA by providing the country with unlicensed fish stocks

False

Placoderms fish

First jawed fish -armored jaw fish -400mya, extinct 350mya

Aquaculture

Fish farming -environmental impacts of open ocean aquaculture= drugs and chemicals, fish meal/oil, diseases and parasites, fish waste, predators, escaped fish

1. Overfishing

Fish harvested faster than natural reproduction rate. -80% of all commercial stock in USA are overfished -top predators: in decline

Osteichthyes fish

Fish with bones -most successful group in the ocean -(Osto: bone and ichthyes: fish) -great diversity, adaptations, habitats -bone skeleton Ex. Nemo, fishes

What has Whaling done to large whale populations?

Has led to 12 whale species nearing extinction

the IWC moratorium (what's this?)

International Whaling Commission - stopped commercial whaling in 1986

Which of the following are the 2 correct countries that practice commercial whaling?

JAPAN AND NORWAY AND ICELAND

What we know of the great blue whale?

Largest mammals on earth (80-100ft long) , endangered because of whale hunting, habitat destruction, and pollution

3. Drift Nets

Long fishing nets to catch animals and fish by entanglement. -now banned (UN) -Japan, Taiwan, Korea use them illegally -Bottom Trawlers: scrape bottom of sea floor clean by dragging weighted nets

How do these fish see in the dark?

Many deep-sea fish are bioluminescent, with extremely large eyes adapted to the dark.

Diffusion

O2 diffuses from high concentration to low concentration -water and blood flow in opp. directions -this maximizes the concentration gradient and speeds up diffusion

What is Photosynthesis? (its inputs, its outputs)

Photosynthesis: process of converting light energy into chemical energy Inputs--sunlight, co2 (carbon dioxide) Outputs--sugar, oxygen IN: Water + carbon dioxide (light energy) ---> OUT: sugar + oxygen

Most abundant of all sea plants (are the tiniest ones), names?

Phytoplankton

Pinnipedia

Seals, sea lions, walruses -All carnivores -Closely related to bears Subgroup 1: Otariids -Eared seals -fur seal, otariids (ex. California sea lions) -Both terrestrial and marine Subgroup 2: Phocids -True seals -ex) harp seal, elephant seal, harbor seal, leopard seal -More marine than terrestrial

True Plants (characteristics and examples)

Seed plants, eukaryotic ex) Mangroves, grasses (underwater)

Why are corals our medicine cabinets?

Since corals are stationary animals, many have evolved chemical defenses to protect themselves from predators. The chemicals they contain can be used as medicine against arthritis, viruses and other diseases

Grey whale migration - where?

Starts in Baja, CA (their winter breeding grounds) to Alaska (summer feeding grounds)...

Phocids

True seals

Hydrothermal vents' tectonic location and why?

Underwater volcanoes at spreading ridges and divergent plate boundaries produce hot springs known as hydrothermal vents. (Mid Ocean Ridge)

Cetacea

Whales, dolphin, porpoises (small whales) -Evolved from hoofed land mammals called ungulates 50 mya Subgroup 1: Odontoceti -toothed whales -active predators, -use echolocation (emits sound through skull) -Ex) killer whales, sperm whales, dolphins, porpoises Subgroup 2: Mysticeti -Baleen whales -rows of baleen teeth trap krill and small fish -baleen made of karotin (same as fingernails) ex) blue, grey humpback

Details of the symbiosis of corals and algae- which algae?

Which algae- zooxanthellae dinoflagellates- protista kingdom, photosynthetic -vibrant color of coral made by Z.D.s

Fringing coral reef

adjacent to land -has either an entirely shallow backreef zone (lagoon) or none at all ex) Tahiti

How does this mutualism work?

archaea and animals: -archaea get CO2 and shelter from animals, and give sugar as well as serve as food for animals -creatures mostly benthic

Limestone

calcite-bearing rocks; skeletons that solidified

Mutualism between coral and Zooxanthellae dinoflagellates?

coral provides protection and closer to sun for photosynthesis, algae gives coral oxygen and glucose -Algae provides O2, food, color -Coral provides CO2, shelter =mutualism

Bacteria

cyanobacteria -blue, green algae -prokaryote

Top Predators:

eat lower tier consumers in order to survive, top of food chain

Secondary Consumers:

eat the primary consumers, which makes them carnivores

Pelagic

environment of the open sea

Barrier reef

ex) society islands (Bora-Bora), great barrier reef

Animals of the Pelagic Environment include...

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, etc. Ex: tuna, frog, snake, penguin, whales -all higher vertebrates derived from fish-like ancestors

Fishery mismanagement

function of pop. growth, very poor effectiveness

Community:

group of interacting organisms sharing a defined habitat (eating each other)

Characteristics of all mammals:

hair/fur, mammary glands(milk for offspring), live young- exception= shark; has live young

Zooxanthellae are a type of ___

its phytoplankton protists

Coral

small, carnivorous animal in large colonies -skeletons= calcite skeletons

Types of adaptations to the marine environment

swimming/buoyancy, avoiding predators, gas exchange, and adaptions of deep sea fishes

Source of energy?

the vent system -Magma chambers provide constituents/ feeding the ridge -Source of energy- chemicals from the vents from the mantle and crust.

The goals of all animals?

to reproduce and survive

Odontoceti

toothed whales

The definite and unique characteristics of only mammals, like you and me, are that they have fur or hair and they suckle their young with mammary glands.

true

Coral Reef

very diverse and productive (primary productivity, photosynthesis, autotroph)