Chapter 30: Ecology and PopulationsAssignment
Select all of the factors that affect the demographics of a population.
- Availability of resources - Age structure - Patterns of survivorship
Bald eagles have 1-2 offspring and both parents are involved in caring for the young. These animals mostly likely exhibit a Type _____ survivorship curve.
1
Density dependent factors tend to be _____.
biotic
When resources are unlimited and a population grows at its maximum rate, this is called the _____ potential for the population.
biotic
If resources are limited and a population is composed of mostly post reproductive individuals it will struggle to achieve its
biotic potential
When a population increases at its highest possible rate due to unlimited resources, this is known as the ______ for the population.
biotic potential
A population that grows rapidly before leveling off after several generations, is undergoing ______ growth.
logistic
There are countries in which the death rate has declined as well as the birth rate, which is referred to as a demographic transition. This transition has occurred in ______.
more-developed countries
If two parents have 2 children, ______ reproduction has occurred.
replacement
A life table is typically organized by
the age of the individuals.
As a population size approaches its carrying capacity,
the growth rate slows.
Which of these levels of organization includes the other?
a community
The age structure of a population is considered _____.
a demographic characteristic
In an age structure diagram, individuals in the prereproductive age group are found:
at the bottom of the diagram
The letter A in the diagram shows vacant nest sites for a particular species, while the letter B shows all nest sites occupied with some birds on the ground. The letter B diagram depicts a situation that leads to ______.
competition
When members of the same species attempt to use resources that are in limited supply but necessary for survival, such as light, food, or space, this is referred to as
competition
When the number of males in a population increases and the number of females decreases, the males will experience a greater level of ______.
competition
A population will sink into the _____ phase if it is over harvested while it is experiencing exponential growth.
lag
True or false: Some scientific authorities think that Earth can support as many as 20 billion people, or this is the carrying capacity of our planet.
True
Which of the following are examples of resources?
- shelter - water - space - food
The curve on a graph that depicts exponential growth looks like the letter
J
Which of the following would be more likely to show an age structure diagram that resembles a triangle?
LDC
Which of the following groups of countries have a high growth rate and a low standard of living?
Less-developed countries, including those found in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Per capita, individuals living in ______ consume more of the Earth's resources.
MDCs
Age structure diagrams characterized by three age classes that are about the same are typical of ______, whereas in the ______ the age structure diagram is largest at its base.
MDCs; LDCs
The age structure diagram for a population that is growing is shaped like:
a pyramid
The two models of population growth include exponential and
logistic growth
Select all of the true statements about MDCs in comparison to LDCs.
- MDCs produce more hazardous waste compared to LDCs. - MDCs consume more fossil fuels compared to LDCs. - LDCs consume less paper compared to MDCs.
Select the true statements about the LDCs.
- Most of the world's population lives in LDCs. - Many sub Saharan African countries are considered LDCs.
Which of the following are needed to determine if a population is growing or shrinking?
- Number of deaths - Number of births
Identify the human concerns that environmental science is trying to solve.
- Overconsumption of resources. - A growing human population.
Select all of the correct descriptions of ecology.
- The study of the interactions of organisms with each other. - The study of the interactions of organisms with their physical environment.
Select the characteristics that are common to most more developed countries (MDCs).
- decline in birth rate since 1950 - fast population growth before 1950
LDCs have the following characteristics:
- high birth rate - large prereproductive group - large base on the age structure diagram
Which three factors must be considered to determine the environmental impact of a population?
- resource consumption per capita - pollution per unit of resource used - population size
Which of the following are the three terms used to describe patterns of population distribution?
- uniform - clumped - random
Select the reasons that equilibrium species types are more likely to go extinct than opportunistic species types.
-Equilibrium species have few preferred habitats in which to live. -Equilibrium species have small local populations.
Which of the following choices are characteristics of opportunistic species?
-Exhibits exponential growth -Limited parental care -Members of population mature early -Members have a short life span
Which of the following information is typically found in a life table?
-Number of survivors at the beginning of the year -Number of deaths during the year -Ages of individuals
Which of the following are characteristics of equilibrium species?
-Population size remains close to carrying capacity -Individuals are slow to mature -Exhibit logistic growth -Individuals are of relatively large size
Which of the following are characteristics of a population with a high biotic potential?
-Reproduces multiple times per year -Reaches sexual maturity early
From the list below select the correct factors that can influence equilibrium species extinction.
-Size of geographic range -Degree of habitat tolerance -Size of local population
Which of the following are life history patterns exhibited by organisms?
-equilibrium life histories -opportunistic
Select the two types of population growth models.
-logistic -exponential
Select examples of density-dependent factors from the choices below.
-parasitism -predation -competition
Replacement reproduction has occurred if two parents have
2 children.
The current doubling time of the human population, or the number of years it will take for the population to double in size, is
61 years.
Lionfish can reduce the prey population on the coral reef by _____% in 2 months.
90
What is the correlation between population density and body size?
As body size increases the density decreases.
Sixty percent of the world's human population live in
Asia.
Which of the following are included in an ecosystem?
Both living organisms and the physical environment
Which of the following is an example of a community?
Butterflies and bees feeding on flowers in a garden
Preserving wildlife would fall under the field of
Conservation biology
Which of the following is an example of a type III survivorship curve?
Dandelions produce lots of seeds but only a few survive to maturity.
During one particularly cold winter, several moose died because of the cold temperatures. This is an example of what type of growth factor?
Density independent
Based on your understanding of logistic population growth patterns, in order to maintain a fish food source, which is the best strategy?
Maintain the fish population size in the exponential phase of growth.
Which of the following groups of countries show a low growth rate and a higher standard of living?
More-developed countries, such as those found in North America and Europe
What is displayed in an age structure diagram?
Number of individuals within each age group
If a lion kills and eats a zebra, the lion is the ______ and the zebra is the ______ .
Predator; Prey
Logistic growth produces a curve that resembles the letter
S
What is the carrying capacity of a population?
The maximum number of individuals that a particular environment can support
A community is different from a population because:
it includes various populations at a particular locale
Human population densities are highest
along the coast.
All areas where all living organisms are found, anywhere on Earth, are collectively referred to as the ______.
biosphere
All of the regions on Earth where living organisms are found are collectively referred to as the
biosphere
The growth rate of a population is dependent on the number of _____ and the number of ______ each year.
births; deaths
The maximum number of individuals of a given species that the environment can support is called the _____ of a population
carrying capacity
The number of individuals that an environment can sustain for an indefinite time period is known as _____ capacity. As of yet, this capacity has not been accurately calculated for humans, meaning we do not know how many can be sustained on _____
carrying; earth
The discipline that studies all aspects of biodiversity with the goal of conserving natural resources, including wildlife, is known as
conservation biology.
When predator populations increase, the prey population tends to
decrease
In a population that is ______, the majority of the population are adults.
decreasing
A researcher is studying the population of lionfish in the Caribbean and discovers 280 fish per acre. He has determined the population _____ of the lionfish.
density
The number of individuals per unit area is known as the population
density
The length of time that it takes a population to increase its size by a factor of two is known as
doubling time
The range of a species is known as
the geographical location in which it can be found.
The central goal of _____ is to develop models that explain and predict the distribution and abundance of populations based on their interactions within an ecosystem.
ecology
The central goal of ______ is to develop models that explain and predict the distribution and abundance of populations based on their interactions within an ecosystem.
ecology
The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment and with each other is called
ecology
Lance is studying trout and their prey species in two different streams: one with a rocky bottom and a fast current and the other in a warmer, slow-flowing stream with a sandy bottom. This is an example of a(n) ______ level study.
ecosystem
The field of ______ science applies ecological principles to practical human concerns.
environmental
A population that grows without limit is said to be experiencing ______ growth.
exponential
The total disappearance of a species or higher group is called
extinction
The total loss of a species or higher group from the planet is referred to as
extinction
The birds in this picture will face a _______ of competition for nesting sites.
high degree
Population size and resource consumption contribute to a population's environmental
impact
In a typical predator-prey cycle, the prey increase in numbers, then the predators ______ in numbers, and then the prey ______ in numbers, and the cycle continues.
increase; decrease
Forest fires in the hills above San Diego are examples of a density _____ population growth factor.
independent
On an exponential growth curve, the first phase is called the ______ phase and the second phase is referred to as the exponential growth phase. Growth in the first phase is _____ because the number of individuals is small, however in the exponential growth phase, growth is ______
lag; slow; accelerating
Reproductive strategies, life span, number of offspring and growth rates are all components of a species
life history strategy.
Species that have a limited amount of parental care for a large number of offspring have a(n) _____ life history pattern.
opportunistic
Species with ______ life history patterns are more likely to go extinct.
opportunistic
The two life history patterns exhibited by organisms are the ______ life history pattern and the _____ life history pattern.
opportunistic; equilibrium
A group of organisms of the same species that live in a given location at the same time is called a
population.
A group of individuals of the same species that live in a given location at the same time is called a _____ . All of the various groups of species at a particular locale is referred to as a ______
population; community
When one organism eats another organism, its prey, ______ has occurred.
predation
A species with a low biotic potential will ______ compared to a species with a high biotic potential.
produce fewer offspring
The portion of the globe where a species can be found is referred to as its
range
For most of the twentieth century, the growth of the global human population was relatively slow. However, as more individuals attained _____ age, the population began to grow at a faster rate.
reproductive
Components of the environment that support its organisms are called
resources
Which two species occupy the same ecological niche as the lionfish?
snappers; grouper
Which of the four phases of logistic growth is associated with a population approaching carrying capacity, during which little to no growth takes place?
stable equilibrium phase
Ecology aims to develop models to explain and predict which of these, based on interaction within an ecosystem?
the distribution and abundance of populations
