Chapter 31-34 probable questions
D
1) A sponge's structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the A) pore cells. B) epidermal cells. C) choanocytes. D) amoebocytes.
C
105) Some animals that lived 530 million years ago resembled lancelets but had a brain and a skull. These animals may represent A) the first chordates. B) a "missing link" between urochordates and cephalochordates. C) early craniates. D) marsupials. E) nontetrapod gnathostomes.
C
12) Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas. A) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 B) 2 → 1 → 4 → 3 C) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 D) 2 → 3 → 1 → 4 E) 2 → 1 → 3 → 4
D
12) Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies? A) plasmogamy B) heterokaryotic C) dikaryotic D) diploid
B
12) Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? A) lampreys B) chondrichthyans C) ray-finned fishes D) lungfishes E) placoderms
E
13) Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work? A) bristles B) cuticle C) shell D) endoskeleton E) hydrostatic skeleton
C
14) Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei A) 1 or 2 B) 1 or 3 C) 2 or 3 D) 2 or 4 E) 3 or 4
C
14) The excretory organs of annelids are A) protonephridia. B) flame bulbs. C) metanephridia. D) skin gills. E) malpighian tubules.
A
15) An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also A) triploblastic. B) a deuterostome. C) eucoelomate. D) highly cephalized.
D
16) In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures. B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell. C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time. D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells. E) is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic.
B
17) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi, in terms of the gene products they can make, are essentially A) haploid. B) diploid. C) alloploid. D) completely homozygous. E) completely hemizygous.
B
17) The larvae of many common tapeworm species that infect humans are usually found A) encysted in freshwater snails. B) encysted in the muscles of an animal, such as a cow or pig. C) crawling in the abdominal blood vessels of cows and pigs. D) crawling in the intestines of cows and pigs.
C
18) At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) metamorphosis
E
18) Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I? A) mitosis B) plasmogamy C) crossing over D) binary fission E) karyogamy
C
19) A brachiopod can be distinguished from a bivalve by the presence of A) two hinged shells. B) a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. C) a lophophore. D) suspension feeding. E) a distinct head.
B
19) At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) metamorphosis
D
2) How many of the following can be observed in the mesohyl of various undisturbed sponges at one time or another? 1. amoebocytes 2. spicules 3. spongin 4. zygotes 5. choanocytes A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these
A
20) If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located? A) mantle cavity B) coelom C) incurrent siphon D) visceral mass E) excurrent siphon
D
21) You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate? A) It is triploblastic. B) It has bilateral symmetry. C) It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end. D) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.
C
24) Which of the following is found only among annelids? A) a hydrostatic skeleton B) segmentation C) a clitellum D) a closed circulatory system E) a cuticle made of chitin
B
24) Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A) It has a shell that increases gas exchange. B) It allows deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C) It prolongs embryonic development. D) It provides insulation to conserve heat. E) It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.
B
25) Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? A) radial cleavage B) determinate cleavage C) diploblastic embryo D) blastopore becomes the anus E) archenteron absent
B
25) Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes? A) All species can be characterized as scavengers. B) They have only longitudinal muscles. C) They have a true coelom. D) They have a gastrovascular cavity. E) Many species are diploblastic.
C
27) How many of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm? 1. type of body cavity 2. number of muscle layers in the body wall 3. presence of segmentation 4. number of embryonic tissue layers 5. shape of worm in cross-sectional view A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these
D
27) The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having A) radial or bilateral symmetry. B) a well-defined head or no head. C) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. D) true tissues or no tissues. E) a body cavity or no body cavity.
A
28) Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features? A) use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton B) ecdysis C) presence of a circulatory system D) presence of segmentation E) absence of species with parasitic lifestyles
B
28) You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete B) ascomycete C) deuteromycete D) chytrid E) basidiomycete
C
29) Which of the following has the least affiliation with all of the others? A) Glomeromycota B) mycorrhizae C) lichens D) arbuscules E) mutualistic fungi
A
3) Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A) lancelets B) adult tunicates C) amphibians D) reptiles E) chondrichthyans
C
3) Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) Two of these responses are correct.
B
30) Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus A) 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 B) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 D) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 E) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3
E
31) Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill A) 4 → 5 → 1→ 2 → 3 B) 5 → 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 C) 5 → 1 → 4 → 3 → 2 D) 5 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 E) 4 → 1 → 5 → 2 → 3
C
32) Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia? A) Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. B) Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. C) Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. D) Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. E) Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae.
E
33) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? A) karyogamy B) mycelial flagella C) alternation of generations D) breezes distributing spores E) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
E
33) Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in A) birds. B) monotremes. C) marsupials. D) placentals. E) Three of the options listed are correct.
C
33) How many of the following are characteristics of arthropods? 1. protostome development 2. bilateral symmetry 3. a pseudocoelom 4. three embryonic germ layers 5. a closed circulatory system A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these
D
34) Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have A) a cuticle. B) a ventral nerve cord. C) open circulation. D) wings. E) segmented bodies.
E
36) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
D
37) In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) fixed nitrogen C) antibiotics D) water and minerals E) protection from harmful UV
C
37) What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis in insects? A) the presence of wings in the adult, but not in earlier life stages B) the presence of sex organs in the adult, but not in earlier life stages C) the radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
B
38) Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry? 1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects. 2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians. 3. All extant cnidarians, including Nematostella, are diploblastic. 4. β-catenin turns out to be essential for gastrulation in all animals in which it occurs. 5. All cnidarians are acoelomate. A) 1 only B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 4 and 5
D
4) What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common? A) body cavity between body wall and digestive system B) number of embryonic tissue layers C) type of body symmetry D) presence of Hox genes E) degree of cephalization
C
40) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed. C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.
C
43) Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? A) They are currently classified among the ascomycetes. B) They do not form heterokaryons. C) Their spores are probably produced by mitosis. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
A
45) In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism? A) a mantle B) a heart C) a body cavity D) a filter-feeding apparatus E) eyes
E
47) Which of the following factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the previous graph, would account most directly for the shape of the plot? A) spongin concentration (gm/unit volume) B) rate of cribrostatin synthesis (molecules/unit time) C) number of pores per sponge D) number of spicules per sponge E) number of choanocytes per sponge
A
49) Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
D
5) How many of the following statements about craniates is (are) correct? 1. Craniates are more highly cephalized than are noncraniates. 2. Craniates' genomic evolution includes duplication of clusters of genes that code for transcription factors. 3. The craniate clade is synonymous with the vertebrate clade. 4. Pharyngeal slits that play important roles in gas exchange originated in craniates. 5. The two-chambered heart originated with the early craniates. A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these
C
50) Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids? A) I B) II C) III D) IV
A
51) With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? A) Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. B) Humans evolved directly from Old World monkeys. C) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection. D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees. E) Humans and apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.
D
52) Which of these statements about human evolution is correct? A) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. B) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens. C) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. D) Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. E) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals.
D
6) How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom A) one of these B) two of these C) three of these D) four of these E) five of these
D
6) What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? A) brain B) vertebrae C) cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord D) partial or complete skull E) bone
D
6) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. C) Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. E) Both groups have cell walls.
E
7) Lampreys differ from hagfishes in A) lacking jaws. B) having a cranium. C) having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal slits. D) having a notochord throughout life. E) having a notochord that is surrounded by a tube of cartilage.
E (Choanoflagellates)
7) The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a A) unicellular chytrid. B) unicellular yeast. C) multicellular algae. D) multicellular fungus. E) flagellated protist.
D
7) Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? A) They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue. B) They are primarily filter feeders. C) They have either, or both, of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae. D) They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton. E) They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).
A
70) Among the characteristics unique to animals is A) gastrulation. B) multicellularity. C) sexual reproduction. D) flagellated sperm. E) heterotrophic nutrition.
E
72) Acoelomates are characterized by A) the absence of a brain. B) the absence of mesoderm. C) deuterostome development. D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm. E) a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.
C
73) Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? A) the emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals B) the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion C) the movement of animals onto land D) the origin of Hox genes and other genetic changes affecting the regulation of developmental genes E) the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals
E
89) The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. B) avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. C) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. D) the increased probability of contact between different mating types. E) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.
D
9) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct.
A
90) A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share A) a mantle. B) a radula. C) gills. D) embryonic torsion. E) distinct cephalization.
D
91) Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? A) Cnidaria B) Platyhelminthes C) Porifera D) Arthropoda E) Mollusca
E
93) Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? A) Echinodermata-bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelom present B) Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate C) Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D) Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate E) Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present
E
An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish 82) If the teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the teacher would point out a feeding A) hydra. B) sponge. C) bivalve. D) gastropod. E) ectoproct.
the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
Define hyphae
sac fungi, truffle, morel
Examples of Ascomycota
button, portobello, puffballs, shelf fungi
Examples of basidiomycota
B
Match the extant vertebrate groups with the descriptions. 39) Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of A) amphibians. B) nonbird reptiles. C) chondrichthyans. D) mammals. E) birds.
D
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. 82) Terry takes the body of the snakelike organism and slices it open along its dorsal side. If it is a hagfish, what should Terry see? A) a well-developed series of bony vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord B) a well-developed series of cartilaginous vertebrae surrounding the spinal cord C) a tube of cartilage (surrounding the notochord) with dorsal projections on both sides of the spinal cord D) a notochord, located underneath the spinal cord
B
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. 84) Having caught and handled a hagfish, what will Terry's shipmates most likely require Terry to do before returning to further fishing? A) Wash his hands and then don gloves to prevent the spread of harmful microbes that live only on hagfish skin. B) Clean the bucketsful of hagfish slime from the deck of the boat. C) Dispose of the fishing tackle that had been poisoned by coming into contact with the hagfish. D) Cut up the remaining hagfish and share pieces of this highly sought-after baitfish.
C
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations AD are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 52) What is the most probable location of the oldest portion of this mycelium? A) A B) B C) C D) D
A
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations AD are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 53) Which location is nearest to basidiocarps? A) A B) B C) C D) D
A
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations AD are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 54) At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients per unit surface area, per unit time? A) A B) B C) C D) D
D
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations AD are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 55) At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source, and that no other fungi are present in this habitat? A) A B) B C) C D) D
D
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations AD are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 56) Assume that all four locations are 0.5 m above the surface. On a breezy day with prevailing winds blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample? A) A B) B C) C D) D
A
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations AD are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 57) In which of the following human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring? A) skin mycoses B) coccidiomycosis (lung infection) C) systemic (bloodborne) Candida infection D) Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels E) Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts
B
The following figure depicts the outline of a large fairy ring that has appeared overnight in an open meadow, as viewed from above. The fairy ring represents the furthest advance of this mycelium through the soil. Locations AD are all 0.5 meters below the soil surface. Responses may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 58) If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location "C"? A) septic tank B) tree stump C) deceased animal D) fire pit E) cement-capped well
B
The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk, and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate, do not molt (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. 64) Which of these, if discovered among cycliophorans, would cause the most confusion concerning our current understanding of cycliophoran taxonomy? A) if the ciliated feeding ring is a lophophore B) if embryos are diploblastic C) if the body cavity is actually a pseudocoelom D) if the organisms show little apparent cephalization
A
The previous figure shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following question. 40) Which group contains diploblastic organisms? A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
parasite worm that infects snails in larval stage and infects humans
What is Schistosomiasis?
Reptiles, Birds, Marsupials, , Monotremes
Which of the major groups of vertebrates have internal fertilization and external development?
fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
Zygomycota examples
- independent movement of body wall and enclosed organs - more space for complex organs and organ systems - storage area for eggs and sperm.
adaptive advantage of coelom
body cavity derived from mesoderm
coelom
a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal or fungi affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.
define pheromone
radial, anus
deuterostomes have a __ cleavage and the blastopore becomes the __.
skin - CNS in some organisms
ectoderm becomes
digestive tube
endoderm becomes
muscles and other organs between skin and digestive tract
mesoderm becomes
spiral, mouth
protostomes have a __ cleavage and the blastopore becomes the __.
the development of a control center, or brain. The brain is a concentration of nervous tissue that coordinates and controls sensory information and nervous activity. A larger brain allows for smarter and more complex animals.
what are some adaptive advantages of cephalization?
platyhelminthes
which phylum contains flatworms, dorsoventrally flattened bodies, digestive system with a single opening, acoelomate, tripploblastic, planaria, blood flukes, tapeworms
