Grammar Test—commas, coordinate & subordinate conj.

What do past tense regular verb usually end in?

-ed

What ending do past participle regular verbs take on?

-ed

What do present (singular/one) tense verbs usually end in?

-s

How are independent clauses joined in a compound sentence?

1. Comma + coordinate conjunction (FANBOYS) 2. Semicolon 3. Semicolon + adverbial conjunction (therefore, however, moreover, and nevertheless) followed by a comma

And shows?

Addition

Moreover shows?

Addition

Common Subordinating Conjunctions?

Although, after, because, when, unless, until, if, since, unless, though

The comma goes where in a conjunction?

Before the conjunction

For shows?

Cause

Or shows?

Choice

What do Coordinating Conjunctions do?

Combine two sentences together to make one sentence. They work together to form a good sentence

Nevertheless shows?

Contrast

Yet shows?

Contrast

But shows?

Contrast or contradiction

However shows?

Contrast or contradiction

Commas after introductory element example

Days afterward, I still suffered from the effects of the flu

So shows?

Effect

FANBOYS (coordinate conjunctions)

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Subordinate Conjunction Sentence Example

Herbert performed his irresponsible experiment, because he was curious (because he was curious is the dependent clause)

Coordinate Conjunction Sentence Example

I do not eat buttons, for they are not food

Pronouns

I, you, she/he/it; we, you, they (among others, such as relative pronouns)

Coordinate conjunctions require both sides to be?

Independent sentences (a complete thought in written form)

What do Subordinating Conjunctions do?

Make clauses dependent?

Nor shows?

Negative choice

Do words like "yesterday," "today," and "tomorrow" change or affect the tense of a verb?

No; the tense is unique to the verbs, tense comes from the verb in the sentence (no other word or words), and tense comes in a variety of forms

What do past tense irregular verb usually end in?

Nothing; examples: be, go think, think, have, taken run, see

What does a complex sentence contain?

ONE independent clause and one or MORE dependent clauses

Comma splices

Often need coordinating conjunctions or to be changed to a semicolon

Therefore shows?

Result

Adverbial conjunction sentence example

She won the gold in gymnastics; therefore, her long hours in the gym were rewarded

What do most dependent clauses begin with?

Subordinate conjunctions (although, because, since, even though, until, and after) or relative pronouns (who, which, and that)

What are some adverbial conjunctions?

Therefore, however, moreover, and nevertheless

What's special about future tense verbs?

They're two words (two word tense); ex: will be, shall go, will think, shall see, etc

A compound sentence contains?

Two or more independent clauses

A compound-complex sentence contains?

Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Commas after dependent clause example

When the game was over, all of us were elated and rushed onto the field

What are appositives?

Words and phrases that describe or re-name. Example: Victoria, my fiancee, and Debi, my old girlfriend of mine who lives near us, get along well

Pronoun reference

all pronouns have words (antecedents) they refer to or rename; the pronoun must agree with the noun it renames (in gender--male or female; and number--singular or plural)

Quotation marks ("quotes")

are for exact words quoted; or for shorter works: songs, poems, essays, etc

Apostrophes (')

are for forming possessives or contractions (don't confuse the two)

Subordinating conjunctions

for example: although, when, unless, until; make clauses dependent (the clauses cannot stand along and act like fragments)

Italics

for longer works: names of books, plays, paintings, sculpture, and so on (don't underline)

Verbs

have tense and express action or being

Point of view

in sentences, do not jump from "I" to "you" or to "she" or "he" or "they" without some transitional words or sentences to ensure clarity (like pronoun antecedents or transitions)

Sentence fragments

incomplete sentences that need subjects, verbs, and or other fixes to stand along

Adjectives

modify nouns

Adverbs

modify verbs (sometimes adverbs or adjectives-- often end with -ly)

Commas splices

often need coordinating conjunctions or to be change to semicolons

Nouns

people, places, and things

Parallel structure (parallelism)

same form for similar items or pars of a sentence

Fused sentences

sentences that need punctuation (comma, semicolons) or other help

Subject/Verb Agreement

subject and verbs must agree; singular subjects take singular verbs, plural subjects take plural verbs. Getting this wrong suggests subject/verb problems

Passive voice

the subject here is actually the direct object of an active voice sentence that may or may not be given; passive voice often leaves out details or description that makes a better, fuller picture

Active voice

the subject performs an action and a direct object receives the action; often, and Indirect object follows a preposition later in the sentence; active voice is descriptive and detailed

Prepositions

to, from, around, through (and words that signify location and/or position)

Coordinating conjunctions

used to connect sentences (via commas and FANBOYS)

Linking verbs

verbs that take the place of am, is, are, was, were (the present and past forms of BE); these imply or suggest similar meaning without overusing BE

Transitions

words or phrases that help make connections between sentences or ideas; these may be words like however, therefore, or on the other hand (these are not all the possibilities) - Note: subordinating conjunctions are not usually considered "transitions." They may sometimes act in similar ways, but transitions do not make independent clauses dependent; they state or imply shifts in time or place, or bring an element of contrast or change to the sentence