Chapter 31 connect
Angiosperms
Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue
Select all features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Presence of vascular tissue Reproduction using spores
Seed plants retain megasporangia on the parental sporophyte in order to:
Provide nutritional support
Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns are members of the group of plants called
Pteridophytes
Select all plant groups that are considered tracheophytes.
Pteridophytes Lycophytes Angiosperms
A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of:
cyanobacteria
The union of an egg cell with a sperm cell is a process called _____, which produces a diploid zygote that develops into the embryo.
fertilization
If environmental conditions are unfavorable, seeds can remain in a state of _____ until conditions improve.
dormancy
One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the:
embryo
Seeds are beneficial to plants because they:
enable embryos to get food from sporophytes
Double fertilization results in the production of a zygote, which develops into an embryo, and another fertilization product, which develops into nutritive tissue called
endosperm
What is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of angiosperms?
endosperm
_____ is the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants.
endosperm
What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?
gametophyte
Pollen grains are tiny male ______ enclosed by walls.
gametophytes
The two types of seed plants are
gymnosperms and angiosperms
Because seed plants produce female spores and male spores, they are said to be
heterosporous
Plants that produce only one type of spore are said to be
homosporous
Plants that produce only one type of spore that develops into one type of gametophyte are called:
homosporous
Select all of the following that are members of the informal group called bryophytes.
hornworts, liverworts, mosses`
Heterospory describes the production of:
large female spores and small male spores
Plant structures specialized for photosynthesis are called:
leaves
The oldest vascular plants are:
lycophytes
Select all seedless vascular plants.
lycophytes and pteridophytes
How often did the innovations of leaves and seeds likely evolve?
many times
The megaspores of pines develop within
megasporangia
In land plants, tissues are produced by cell division in regions called apical
meristems
Localized regions of cell division occurring at the growing tips of plants are called apical
meristems
The microspores of pines develop within
microsporangia
In seed plants, small spores called ____ develop into pollen.
microspores
Choose all that belong in the kingdom Plantae.
mosses and lycophytes
The plant organs specialized for the uptake of minerals and water from the soil are called
roots
Which of the following plant organs are primarily involved in the uptake of water and minerals?
roots
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ______ plants.
seed
Heterospory describes the spores of different sizes and functions that are produced by which plant group?
seed
Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as
seedless vascular plants
Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called
seeds
The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as:
seeds
Because seeds can remain dormant, they allow plants to
survive in unpredictable conditions
Ancient nonvascular plants likely influenced climate by sequestering ______ from the atmosphere.
Carbon
Select all features of plant embryos.
Diploid Multicellular
Bryophytes
Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
This process, which is unique to angiosperms, results in the production of both a zygote and an endosperm.
Double fertilization
In bryophytes, ______ hold sperm, and ______ hold eggs.
antheridia and archegonia
In plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called:
apical meristems
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?
bryophytes
The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the ______.
bryophytes
The Cretaceous-Paleogene event occurred _____ million years ago.
65
A life cycle in which the only diploid cell is the zygote is referred to as a(n) _____-____ life cycle.
Haploid dominant
Plants that produce two types of spores (megaspores and microspores) are called
Heterospory
Ovules are enclosed by leaflike structures called
Integument
The outermost layer of an ovule is the:
Integument
Sixty-five million years ago at least one large meteorite crashed into Earth near the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. This is referred to as:
K-T event
Gymnosperms
Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte
Lycophytes
Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems
Apical meristems give rise to:
plant tissues
The division Anthophyta contains ______ which are also known as flowing plants
Angiosperms
Select all plant groups that are considered tracheophytes.
Angiosperms Pteridophytes Lycophytes
Which of the following characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.
____are the multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote. They were one of the first critical innovations in land plants.
Embryo
List all products of double fertilization.
Endosperm Zygote
Select all pteridophytes.
Ferns Horsetails Whisk ferns
Pteridophytes
Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves
The retention of megasporangia on the parental sporophyte confers which of the following benefits?
Food can flow from photosynthetic sporophytes to dependent embryos
The _____is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle.
Gametophyte
The tiny leaves of modern lycophytes are called
Lycophylls
Select all terms that can be used to describe the tiny leaves found in modern lycophytes.
Lycophylls Microphylls
Tracheophytes consist of _____ and _______, and seed producing vascular plants
Lycophytes, pteridophytes
Egg cells of seed plants develop from within the walls of which of the following?
Megaspores
Female gametophytes produce egg cells while in the protective walls of the female spore, called the
Megaspores
Seed plants are characterized by heterospory, in which smaller spores called microspores and larger spores called ______ are produced.
Megaspores
____are the large female spores produced by seed plants.
Megaspores
The kingdom ___ is composed of land plants
Plantae
Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called
Stomata
Select all vascular plant innovations that evolved multiple times.
Seeds Leaves
Because both groups produce seeds, gymnosperms and angiosperms are together known as the
Spermatophytes
Land plants feature a life cycle involving alternation of generations. What are the two generations called?
Sporophyte Gametophyte
Which of the following statements are true of the haploid-dominant life cycle?
The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis. The diploid generation consists of one cell.
Select all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth.
They helped to create the first substantial soils They aided animals in the colonization of land
Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.
True
During double fertilization, a(n) _____ is produced when one sperm fertilizes the egg cell.
Zygote
List all products of double fertilization.
Zygote Endosperm
The development of decay resistant tissues in early vascular plants likely led to:
a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
A tissue is defined as:
an association of similar types of cells
Unlike embryos of seedless plants, embryos of seed plants:
obtain energy from the mother plant
In terms of the age of the early vascular plants, lycophytes are ______ pteridophytes.
older than
In seed plants, the sporangium containing one spore that develops into an egg-producing gametophyte is called a(n) _____.
ovule
In seed plants, this structure matures into a seed.
ovule
The main function of plant leaves is to carry out
photosynthesis
In pines, microspores are small spores that develop into
pollen
In seed plants, tiny male gametophytes enclosed by walls are called
pollen
The delivery of pollen to the female region of a flower is called:
pollination
The process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules is called
pollination
Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor.
protist
During fertilization in bryophytes, a gametophyte structure called the antheridium releases ______ cells, which swim toward the ______ cell that is contained in a gametophyte structure called the archegonium.
sperm and egg
Fertilization is the union of these two entities.
sperm and egg
All of the living and fossil seed plant phyla are collectively known as:
spermatophytes
In the alternation of generations life cycle of land plants, the two generations are called ____ and ____
sporophyte and gametophyte
The major plant organs include:
stems, roots, leaves
The land plants evolved from a:
streptophyte alga
The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because:
the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues
The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.
tissues
The three major plant organs contain ______ tissue.
vascular
What materials pass through stomata?
water, carbon dioxide, oxygen