Chapter 31 connect

Angiosperms

Possess flowers and fruits; Seed food stored after fertilization in endosperm tissue

Select all features common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Presence of vascular tissue Reproduction using spores

Seed plants retain megasporangia on the parental sporophyte in order to:

Provide nutritional support

Horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns are members of the group of plants called

Pteridophytes

Select all plant groups that are considered tracheophytes.

Pteridophytes Lycophytes Angiosperms

A billion years ago, photosynthetic life on land was likely composed of:

cyanobacteria

The union of an egg cell with a sperm cell is a process called _____, which produces a diploid zygote that develops into the embryo.

fertilization

If environmental conditions are unfavorable, seeds can remain in a state of _____ until conditions improve.

dormancy

One of the first critical innovations in land plants was the:

embryo

Seeds are beneficial to plants because they:

enable embryos to get food from sporophytes

Double fertilization results in the production of a zygote, which develops into an embryo, and another fertilization product, which develops into nutritive tissue called

endosperm

What is the nutritive tissue in the seeds of angiosperms?

endosperm

_____ is the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants.

endosperm

What is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle?

gametophyte

Pollen grains are tiny male ______ enclosed by walls.

gametophytes

The two types of seed plants are

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Because seed plants produce female spores and male spores, they are said to be

heterosporous

Plants that produce only one type of spore are said to be

homosporous

Plants that produce only one type of spore that develops into one type of gametophyte are called:

homosporous

Select all of the following that are members of the informal group called bryophytes.

hornworts, liverworts, mosses`

Heterospory describes the production of:

large female spores and small male spores

Plant structures specialized for photosynthesis are called:

leaves

The oldest vascular plants are:

lycophytes

Select all seedless vascular plants.

lycophytes and pteridophytes

How often did the innovations of leaves and seeds likely evolve?

many times

The megaspores of pines develop within

megasporangia

In land plants, tissues are produced by cell division in regions called apical

meristems

Localized regions of cell division occurring at the growing tips of plants are called apical

meristems

The microspores of pines develop within

microsporangia

In seed plants, small spores called ____ develop into pollen.

microspores

Choose all that belong in the kingdom Plantae.

mosses and lycophytes

The plant organs specialized for the uptake of minerals and water from the soil are called

roots

Which of the following plant organs are primarily involved in the uptake of water and minerals?

roots

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are collectively referred to as ______ plants.

seed

Heterospory describes the spores of different sizes and functions that are produced by which plant group?

seed

Lycophytes and pteridophytes are known as

seedless vascular plants

Spermatophytes produce complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose and nourish embryos. These structures are called

seeds

The embryos of spermatophytes are produced within protective and nourishing structures known as:

seeds

Because seeds can remain dormant, they allow plants to

survive in unpredictable conditions

Ancient nonvascular plants likely influenced climate by sequestering ______ from the atmosphere.

Carbon

Select all features of plant embryos.

Diploid Multicellular

Bryophytes

Dominant gametophyte generation; Lack true roots, stems, and leaves

This process, which is unique to angiosperms, results in the production of both a zygote and an endosperm.

Double fertilization

In bryophytes, ______ hold sperm, and ______ hold eggs.

antheridia and archegonia

In plants, cell division is concentrated in regions called:

apical meristems

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are members of what informal grouping of nonvascular plants?

bryophytes

The simplest and most ancient phylum of modern plants is the ______.

bryophytes

The Cretaceous-Paleogene event occurred _____ million years ago.

65

A life cycle in which the only diploid cell is the zygote is referred to as a(n) _____-____ life cycle.

Haploid dominant

Plants that produce two types of spores (megaspores and microspores) are called

Heterospory

Ovules are enclosed by leaflike structures called

Integument

The outermost layer of an ovule is the:

Integument

Sixty-five million years ago at least one large meteorite crashed into Earth near the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. This is referred to as:

K-T event

Gymnosperms

Lack flowers and fruits; Seed food stored before fertilization in female gametophyte

Lycophytes

Leaves generally small with a single, unbranched vein; Sporangia borne on sides of stems

Apical meristems give rise to:

plant tissues

The division Anthophyta contains ______ which are also known as flowing plants

Angiosperms

Select all plant groups that are considered tracheophytes.

Angiosperms Pteridophytes Lycophytes

Which of the following characteristics separates angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers and fruits that gymnosperms lack.

____are the multicellular, diploid products of mitosis of the zygote. They were one of the first critical innovations in land plants.

Embryo

List all products of double fertilization.

Endosperm Zygote

Select all pteridophytes.

Ferns Horsetails Whisk ferns

Pteridophytes

Leaves relatively large with extensively branched vein system; Sporangia borne on leaves

The retention of megasporangia on the parental sporophyte confers which of the following benefits?

Food can flow from photosynthetic sporophytes to dependent embryos

The _____is the dominant generation in the bryophyte life cycle.

Gametophyte

The tiny leaves of modern lycophytes are called

Lycophylls

Select all terms that can be used to describe the tiny leaves found in modern lycophytes.

Lycophylls Microphylls

Tracheophytes consist of _____ and _______, and seed producing vascular plants

Lycophytes, pteridophytes

Egg cells of seed plants develop from within the walls of which of the following?

Megaspores

Female gametophytes produce egg cells while in the protective walls of the female spore, called the

Megaspores

Seed plants are characterized by heterospory, in which smaller spores called microspores and larger spores called ______ are produced.

Megaspores

____are the large female spores produced by seed plants.

Megaspores

The kingdom ___ is composed of land plants

Plantae

Pores that can open and close on the surface tissue of vascular plant stems and leaves are called

Stomata

Select all vascular plant innovations that evolved multiple times.

Seeds Leaves

Because both groups produce seeds, gymnosperms and angiosperms are together known as the

Spermatophytes

Land plants feature a life cycle involving alternation of generations. What are the two generations called?

Sporophyte Gametophyte

Which of the following statements are true of the haploid-dominant life cycle?

The zygote is the only cell that undergoes meiosis. The diploid generation consists of one cell.

Select all effects of the first land plants on life on Earth.

They helped to create the first substantial soils They aided animals in the colonization of land

Angiosperms are also called flowering plants.

True

During double fertilization, a(n) _____ is produced when one sperm fertilizes the egg cell.

Zygote

List all products of double fertilization.

Zygote Endosperm

The development of decay resistant tissues in early vascular plants likely led to:

a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

A tissue is defined as:

an association of similar types of cells

Unlike embryos of seedless plants, embryos of seed plants:

obtain energy from the mother plant

In terms of the age of the early vascular plants, lycophytes are ______ pteridophytes.

older than

In seed plants, the sporangium containing one spore that develops into an egg-producing gametophyte is called a(n) _____.

ovule

In seed plants, this structure matures into a seed.

ovule

The main function of plant leaves is to carry out

photosynthesis

In pines, microspores are small spores that develop into

pollen

In seed plants, tiny male gametophytes enclosed by walls are called

pollen

The delivery of pollen to the female region of a flower is called:

pollination

The process by which pollen comes into contact with ovules is called

pollination

Plants originated from a photosynthetic _____ ancestor.

protist

During fertilization in bryophytes, a gametophyte structure called the antheridium releases ______ cells, which swim toward the ______ cell that is contained in a gametophyte structure called the archegonium.

sperm and egg

Fertilization is the union of these two entities.

sperm and egg

All of the living and fossil seed plant phyla are collectively known as:

spermatophytes

In the alternation of generations life cycle of land plants, the two generations are called ____ and ____

sporophyte and gametophyte

The major plant organs include:

stems, roots, leaves

The land plants evolved from a:

streptophyte alga

The embryo was a critical innovations in land plants because:

the young sporophyte received protection and nourishment from the maternal tissues

The bodies of land plants are made of several types of ______ which are close associations of cells of the same type.

tissues

The three major plant organs contain ______ tissue.

vascular

What materials pass through stomata?

water, carbon dioxide, oxygen