Science, Technology, and Society - C388

Leonardo da Vinci

(1503) Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1520) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.

Galileo

(1609) Creating one of the first modern telescopes, Galileo revolutionised our understanding of the world, successfully proving the Earth revolves around the Sun and not the other way around. His work Two New Sciences laid the groundwork for the science of Kinetics and strength of materials.

Isaac Newton

(1665) laid the foundations for classical mechanics, explaining the law of gravity and the laws of motion.

Daniel Fahrenheit

(1714) invented the mercury thermometer

Carl Linnaeus

(1735) "Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature

Louis Pasteur

(1856) Pasteur contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious diseases. Also invented the process of pasteurisation to make milk safer to drink. He probably saved more lives than any other person.

James Clerk Maxwell

(1861) Maxwell made great strides in understanding electromagnetism. His research in electricity and kinetics laid the foundation for quantum physics. Einstein said of Maxwell, "The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the world forever."

Marie Curie

(1867) Polish physicist and chemist. Discovered radiation and helped to apply it in the field of X-ray. She won the Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and Physics.

Nikola Tesla

(1888) Tesla worked on electromagnetism and AC current. He is credited with many patents from electricity to radio transmission and played a key role in the development of modern electricity.

Albert Einstein

(1917) Revolutionised modern physics with his general theory of relativity. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for his discovery of the Photoelectric effect, which formed the basis of Quantum Theory.

Stephen Hawking

(1988) proof of black holes; proved Einstein's theory of relativity; universe has no boundary

Archimedes

(287-212 BCE) Greek mathematician and inventor. He wrote works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. He is best known for the lever and pulley.

Aristotle

(384 BCE-322 BCE) A great early Greek scientist who made many types of research in the natural sciences including botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, meteorology and geometry.

Ibn al-Haytham

(965-1040) Muslim doctor who founded the science of optics

Robert Hooke

1660 coined the term "cell"

Leeuwenhoek

1670's ; father of modern microbiology; first to observe living cells

Gregor Mendel

1865 Father of genetics

Alexander Graham Bell

1876 Invented the telephone

Thomas Edison

1880 Invented the light bulb

Plank

1920's

crick and watson

1953 the two scientists who discovered the structure and shape of DNA

inferences

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. prediction

What is one example of the role of science in society?

Analyzing evidence from varying system models that describe climate changes

Which method is used to evaluate scientific issues as they relate to society?

Analyzing risks

Which example describes an observed pattern that could be used to guide a scientific investigation?

Athletes' hand-eye coordination appears to be quicker than that of non-athletes.

Which statement is an example of a direct cause-and-effect relationship in science?

Because a person uses pain-numbing medication, a person will be free of dental pain.

Conducting experiments

Carrying out tests to gather evidence

Patterns

Classifies organisms based on similarities

What are two characteristics of scientific knowledge? Choose 2 answers

Computer models can be used to obtain research data Scientific methods are used to solve problems in the natural world.

A drawing of the structure of DNA

Conceptual model

A model using gumdrops and toothpicks to illustrate atomic structure

Conceptual model

Zhang heng

Constructed first seismograph in 132

Charles Darwin

Darwin developed his theory of evolution against a backdrop of disbelief and scepticism. He collected evidence over 20 years and published his conclusions in On the Origin of Species (1831).

Structure and function

Deciphers how something works by studying its parts

Why is it important to replicate results?

Exposes fraud or sloppy results Test validity

Collecting data

Gathering evidence

Making predictions

Generalizing from existing patterns to propose a projection

Otto Hahn

Hahn was a German chemist who discovered nuclear fission (1939). He was a pioneering scientist in the field of radiochemistry and discovered radioactive elements and nuclear isomerism (1921). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944.

Which statement describes Isaac Newton's contribution to science?

He described the three laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Which two questions can be answered by science? Choose 2 answers

How similar are the genomes of primates and humans? What is the normal mutation rate in human chromosomes?

Which of the following represents direct cause and effect?

I use my epi pen when I got stung by a bee

Which activity would be considered a scientific pursuit?

Identifying protein markers for genes that cause disease

Which examples are hypotheses that can be tested scientifically?

Increased pollution in Oregon has caused more frequent lightning as compared to 10 years ago. Playing a set of tennis twice a week leads to better health, with health defined as "improved physical stamina."

Robert Boyle

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1661)

How did the inductive method change the way science impacts society?

It allowed clear data to be taken and conclusions to be logically drawn from the data.

How does reporting research findings contribute to the scientific community?

It allows peers to evaluate the work and add to the scientific record.

What are two characteristics of a well-designed scientific experiment?

It can be replicated. It involves manipulating a variable.

Why is replicating results important in scientific investigations?

It tests the validity of a scientific generalization.

Which descriptions of scientific laws are accurate? Choose 3 answers.

Laws represent general principles in nature. Some laws of science do not have a known explanation. Laws are used to explain underlying forces.

Which statement describes the nature of science?

Legitimate skepticism plays an important role in scientific inquiry.

Which example is a scientific hypothesis?

March winds in the United States are getting faster because of rising temperatures.

A computer model used to forecast total rainfall from a hurricane

Mathematical model

Biologists have identified the unique homing behavior of salmon. Salmon are born in cool, freshwater, then they travel to the ocean where they grow and develop. Salmon then exhibit homing behavior by making a perilous upstream trip to lay eggs in the same location in which they were born. A scientist hypothesizes that this behavior is caused by the salmon's use of sight to return to the location where they were born. To test this hypothesis, the scientist traps and tags 100 salmon in the ocean. Fifty of the salmon are temporarily blinded while the other 50 are simply tagged and released, serving as the control group. Which evidence would support the scientist's explanation that salmon use sight to return home and lay eggs?

More control salmon lay eggs than blinded salmon

Place the following discoveries in chronological order from first (1) to last (4). Select your answer from the pull-down list.

Pasteur demonstrates that microorganisms are found in air, not created by air. 2 Fleming discovers that a particular mold has antibacterial properties, which leads to the creation of penicillium. 3 Leeuwenhoek makes the first microscope, which enables him to see tiny organisms. 1 Salk develops the first polio vaccine. 4

Which statement describes an aspect of science?

Peer review helps prevent scientific fraud.

Which two characteristics describe the nature of science as opposed to technology? Choose 2 answers

Science helps people understand the natural world. Scientific processes are considered tentative and revisable.

Scale, proportion, and quantity

Studies the magnitude of different sizes of cell membranes

Anders Celsius

Swedish astronomer who devised the centigrade thermometer (1742)

Which two qualities must scientific explanations contain?

Testable and replicable results Conclusions consistent with evidence

In what ways are social problems involving science complex? Choose 2 answers

The individuals involved have different ethical standards. The individuals involved identify unexpected consequences of a proposed solution.

Which scientific process allows acceptance of new knowledge?

The peer review process

In an ethical environment, what may happen to a scientist who conducts a six-month research study but does not collect data correctly? Choose 2 answers.

The scientist may be required to repeat the study. The scientist's research funding opportunities may be put in jeopardy.

A student builds a model of the cell with the following materials: • Toothpicks • Jelly beans • Licorice • Marshmallows • Cookies • Frosting What two features of the cell does this model represent? Choose 2 answers

The variety of the cell parts The relative location of the cell parts

Why do scientists conduct research studies?

To investigate peers' findings To explore the natural world

What is one role of observation in scientific investigations?

To support a hypothesis

What are three reasons scientists conduct investigations?

To test findings observed by peers To discover why a natural phenomena occurs To describe the relationship between two variables

A researcher is testing two brands of contact lenses using 100 men and 100 women as subjects. They will each use Brand A in their left eye and Brand B in their right eye. They will compare the two brands to see which one causes irritation. Classify each component of the experiment as a dependent, independent, or controlled variable.

Uniformity of the contact lens solution used by each subject- Controlled variable Brand of contact lenses- Independent variable The extent to which each person developed irritation in each eye- Dependent variable Length of time contacts were worn by each individual- controlled variable

Systems and system models

Uses physical representations or mathematical equations

Interpreting data

Using gathered evidence to support or refute a hypothesis

Rosalind Franklin

Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she provided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

cogent argument

a strong argument with true premises

Abductive Reasoning

concluding something is true by testing hypotheses with evidence

Scientific law

describes a generalization or pattern observed in the natural world, is based on many observations and is often expressed as a relationship. It does not provide an explanation for why a phenomenon occurred.

Benjamin Franklin

famous inventions belongs the lightning rod. In 1750 he started his experiments with electricity, and presumed that lightning is electricity

accurate and precise

graduated cylinder

What are the characteristics of a well​-designed science investigation?

involves manipulating only one variable

accurate

is how close the value is to the actual, correct value.

Which of the following are characteristics​ of science knowledge?

models can explain concepts

Explanations that state the universe was created by a supreme being

not science

Scientific theory

offers an explanation for why a phenomenon occurred. It is well-supported explanations, based on abundant data.

Precise

pinch of salt, how close values are in a series. Accurate is how close the value is to the actual, correct value.

Irreproducible experiments and misinterpretation of data in studies involving lung cancer patients

poor science

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Which of the following are examples of good science?

research from many fields leads to the development of a theory use of models to explain possible explanations

Accepted understanding based on an accumulation of a large body of evidence verified across many disciplines

science

Models that lead to greater understanding of the solar system

science

Assertions

statements of information

What is one result of accurately and effectively communicating research procedures?

t allows scientists to expand on a study by designing new investigations.

valid assertions

true statements

neither accurate nor precise

using different lengths to measure something