Chapter 31: Urinary System

The principal organ of the urinary system is the: A. liver. B. bladder. C. kidney. D. urethra.

C. Kidney

The loop of Henle reabsorbs: A. water. B. sodium. C. chloride. D. all of the above.

D. All of the above

General tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of fluids in the tissue spaces is called a (an): A. hematoma. B. thrombus. C. embolus. D. edema.

D. Edema

What characteristics of the glomerular capsular membrane permit filtration? (Patton 981)

Many pores, or fenestrations, are present in the glomerular endothelium

What type of mucous epithelium lines most of the urinary tract? What is the functional advantage of this type of epithelium? (Patton 976)

Mucous transitional epithelium that forms folds called rugae lines most of the urinary tract. Because of the folds and the extensibility of transitional epithelium, the bladder can distend considerably.

Crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis or calyces are called: A. gallstones. B. kidney stones. C. hydronephrosis. D. sodium stones.

B. Kidney Stone

The branch of the abdominal aorta that brings blood into each kidney is the: A. renal vein. B. renal artery. C. arcuate artery. D. interlobular artery.

B. Renal Artery

Reabsorption takes place by means of _____ mechanisms. A. active transport B. passive transport C. active and passive transport D. None of the above are correct.

C.

The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the: A. internal sphincter muscle of the bladder. B. urethra. C. external sphincter muscle of the bladder. D. detrusor muscle.

C.

Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes? A. Filtration, secretion, and excretion B. Filtration, reabsorption, and excretion C. Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion D. Reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

C.

The term that describes an inflammation of the bladder is: A. hydronephrosis. B. urethritis. C. cystitis. D. nephritis.

C. Cystitis

. Urine is approximately 95%: A. nitrogenous wastes. B. electrolytes. C. water. D. hormones.

C. Water

The _____ is a structure important in maintaining blood flow because it secretes rennin when blood pressure to the afferent arteriole drops: A. loop of Henle B. collecting tube C. macula densa D. juxtaglomerular apparatus

D.

What are the three basic processes a nephron uses to form urine? (Patton 983)

Filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion are the basic processes of the nephron.

What is the GFR? Why is a high GFR important to kidney function? (Patton 983)

Glomerular filtration rate. The glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to the effective filtration rate. When the GFR is low, filtration decreases.

What is sodium cotransport?

Sodium cotransport is a type of active transport in which the proximal tubules absorb nutrients from the tubule fluid, notably glucose and amino acids, into peritubular blood

11. _____ has a central role in the regulation of urine volume. A. ADH B. Aldosterone C. TSH D. Plasma

A. ADH

Effective filtration pressure (EFP) is determined by comparing the forces that push fluid into the capillary with those that push: A. fluid out of the capillary. B. fluid back to the glomerulus. C. urine into the bladder. D. none of the above.

A.

How does aldosterone cause the body to conserve water?

Aldosterone increases distal and collecting tubule absorption of sodium, which in turn causes an osmotic imbalance that drives the reabsorption of water from the tubule.

How does aldosterone influence secretion in the kidney tubules?

Aldosterone targets distal and collecting tubule cells and causes them to increase activity of the sodium-potassium pumps that move sodium out of the tubule and potassium into the tubule. Potassium secretion increases when blood aldosterone concentration increases.

What proportion of the body's blood flow goes to the kidney? (Patton 973)

Approximately one fifth of all the blood pumped by the heart per minute goes to the kidneys

The capillary network that is fitted neatly into Bowman's capsule is the: A. nephron. B. renal corpuscle. C. proximal convoluted tubule. D. glomerulus.

D. Glomerulus

The ureter of each kidney conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney to the: A. urethra. B. bladder. C. prostate gland. D. calyx.

B. Bladder

Name the accessory organs of the urinary system. (Patton 973)

The accessory organs of the urinary system are the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Does ADH promote water loss from the internal environment or water conservation by the internal environment?

. ADH targets cells of the distal and collecting tubules and causes them to become more permeable to water. The more ADH present, the more water is allowed out of the tubule and the closer the tubule fluid's solute concentration matches that of the surrounding tissue fluid. If no water is reabsorbed by the distal and collecting tubules, urine volume is relatively high—and water loss from the body is high. As water is reabsorbed under the influence of ADH, the total volume of urine is reduced by the amount of water removed from the tubules. Thus ADH reduces water loss by the body

What is a countercurrent mechanism?

A countercurrent mechanism is one that is made up of parallel passages where the contents flow in opposite directions. The countercurrent mechanism of the kidneys functions to keep the solute concentration of the medulla extremely high.

How does blood pressure affect filtration in the kidney? (Patton 983)

A decrease in blood pressure tends to produce a decrease in both the glomerular pressure and the glomerular filtration rate.

How are NaCl and water reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Sodium ions (Na+) are pumped from tubule cell to interstitial fluid, increasing Na+ concentration to a level that drives diffusion of Na+ into blood. As Na+ is pumped out of the cell, more Na+ passively diffuses in from filtrate to maintain an equilibrium of concentration. Enough Na+ moves out of the tubule and into blood that an electrical gradient is established (blood is positive relative to filtrate). Electrical attraction between oppositely charged particles drives diffusion of negative ions in filtrate, such as chloride (Cl-), into blood. As ion concentration in blood increases, osmosis of water from the tubule occurs. Thus active transport of sodium creates a situation that promotes passive transport of negative ions and water

What are the two major functions of the bladder? (Patton 976)

The bladder serves as a reservoir for urine before it leaves the body and, aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body

What is the name of the blood supply that surrounds the nephron? The other name for the straight arterioles that follow the nephron loop? (Patton 981-982)

The blood supply surrounding the nephron is the peritubular blood supply; the "straight arterioles" are called the vasa recta

What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the Henle loop? (Patton 987)

The countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle allows for Na+ and Cl- to be pumped from the ascending limb and moved into interstitial fluid to maintain a high osmolality there

Name the segments of the nephron in the order in which fluid flows through them (Patton 981)

The order of the nephron segments is renal corpuscle, Bowman capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.

Distinguish between the renal cortex and the renal medulla. (Patton 973)

The renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney. The medulla is the inner region of the kidney.

How does the function of the descending limb of the Henle loop differ from the function of the thick ascending limb?

The thin-walled descending limb allows water and urea to diffuse freely into or out of the tubule, depending on their concentration gradients. The thick-walled ascending limb limits the diffusion of most molecules while actively transporting selected molecules out of the tubule and into the interstitial fluid.

What is a transport maximum? (Patton 985)

The transport maximum of a substance is the maximal capacity for moving any substance limited by availability of carriers.

Where does the ureter enter the bladder? Why is its angle through the wall significant? (Patton 976)

The ureter attaches to the bottom of the bladder and then runs at an angle for about 2 cm through the bladder wall and opens at the lateral angles of the trigone (floor) of the bladder. The ureter's oblique angle through the bladder wall causes the ends of the tube to close and act as valves when the bladder is full, thus preventing backflow of urine.

What is the general function of the urinary system? (Patton 973)

The urinary system processes blood and forms urine as a waste to be excreted.