Chapter 35 Med Surg - Assessment of Immune Function, Med Surg II CH. 20 PrepU

The nurse is instructing the client on the normal sensations, which can occur when contrast medium is infused during pulmonary angiography. Which statement, made by the client, demonstrates an understanding?

"I will feel warm and an urge to cough."

Which of the following are age-related structural and functional changes that occur in the respiratory system? Select all that apply.

-Decreased elasticity of the alveolar sacs -Increased residual volume -Increased diameter of alveolar ducts -Increased thickness of alveolar sacs

The nurse is performing a physical assessment on a client who has a history of a respiratory infection. Which documentation, completed by the nurse, indicates the resolution of the infection? Select all that apply.

-Lung fields documented as clear in the bases. -Palpable vibrations over the chest wall when the client speaks. -Bronchovesicular sounds heard over the upper lung fields.

Normally, approximately what percentage of the blood pumped by the right ventricle does not perfuse the alveolar capillaries?

2%

A client has been recently diagnosed with malignant lung cancer. The nurse is calculating the client's smoking history in pack years. The client reports smoking two packs of cigarettes a day for the past 11 years. The nurse correctly documents the client's pack-years as

22

A nurse understands that a safe but low level of oxygen saturation provides for adequate tissue saturation while allowing no reserve for situations that threaten ventilation. What is a safe but low oxygen saturation level for a patient?

95%

A nurse would question the accuracy of a pulse oximetry evaluation in which of the following conditions?

A client experiencing hypothermia

You are caring for a client who is in respiratory distress. The physician orders arterial blood gases (ABGs) to determine various factors related to blood oxygenation. What site can ABGs be obtained from?

A puncture at the radial artery

During a mumps outbreak at a local school, a patient, who is a school teacher, is exposed. She has previously been immunized for mumps. What type of immunity does she possess?

A) Acquired immunity

An infection control nurse is presenting an inservice reviewing the immune response. The nurse describes the clumping effect that occurs when an antibody acts like a cross-link between two antigens. What process is the nurse explaining?

A) Agglutination

A gardener sustained a deep laceration while working and requires sutures. The patient is asked about the date of her last tetanus shot, which is over 10 years ago. Based on this information, the patient will receive a tetanus immunization. The tetanus injection will allow for the release of what?

A) Antibodies

A patient has undergone treatment for septic shock and received high doses of numerous antibiotics during the course of treatment. When planning the patient's subsequent care, the nurse should be aware of what potential effect on the patient's immune function?

A) Bone marrow suppression

A patient's exposure to which of the following microorganisms is most likely to trigger a cellular response?

A) Herpes simplex

A patient with a history of dermatitis takes corticosteroids on a regular basis. The nurse should assess the patient for which of the following complications of therapy?

A) Immunosuppression

A woman has been diagnosed with breast cancer and is being treated aggressively with a chemotherapeutic regimen. As a result of this regimen, she has an inability to fight infection due to the fact that her bone marrow is unable to produce a sufficient amount of what?

A) Lymphocytes

The nurse is providing care for a patient who has multiple sclerosis. The nurse recognizes the autoimmune etiology of this disease and the potential benefits of what treatment?

A) Stem cell transplantation

A patient is vigilant in her efforts to "take good care of herself" but is frustrated by her recent history of upper respiratory infections and influenza. What aspect of the patient's lifestyle may have a negative effect on immune response?

A) The patient works out at the gym twice daily.

The nurse working in the radiology clinic is assisting with a pulmonary angiography. The nurse knows that when monitoring clients after a pulmonary angiography, what should the physician be notified about?

Absent distal pulses

Your client is scheduled for a bronchoscopy to visualize the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. What precautions would you recommend to the client before the procedure?

Abstain from food for at least 6 hours before the procedure.

The nurse is interviewing a patient who says he has a dry, irritating cough that is not "bringing anything up." What medication should the nurse question the patient about taking?

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors *Common causes of cough include asthma, gastrointestinal reflux disease, infection, aspiration, and side effects of medications, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The other medications listed are not associated with causing a cough.

The nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with pneumonia. The nurse will assess the patient for tactile fremitus by completing which of the following?

Asking the patient to repeat "ninety-nine" as the nurse's hands move down the patient's thorax

The nurse is caring for a patient with recurrent hemoptysis who has undergone a bronchoscopy. Immediately following the procedure, the nurse should complete which of the following?

Assess the patient for a cough reflex.

The nurse assessed a 28-year-old woman who was experiencing dyspnea severe enough to make her seek medical attention. The history revealed no prior cardiac problems and the presence of symptoms for 6 months' duration. On assessment, the nurse noted the presence of both inspiratory and expiratory wheezing. Based on this data, which of the following diagnoses is likely?

Asthma

A nurse has administered a child's scheduled vaccination for rubella. This vaccination will cause the child to develop which of the following?

B) Active acquired immunity

A nurse is explaining the process by which the body removes cells from circulation after they have performed their physiologic function. The nurse is describing what process?

B) Apoptosis

A patient is undergoing testing to determine the overall function of her immune system. What test can be performed to evaluate the functioning of the patient's cellular immune system?

B) Delayed hypersensitivity skin test

A 16-year-old has been brought to the emergency department by his parents after falling through the glass of a patio door, suffering a laceration. The nurse caring for this patient knows that the site of the injury will have an invasion of what?

B) Phagocytic cells

A patient is admitted with cellulitis and experiences a consequent increase in white blood cell count. The nurse is aware that during the immune response, pathogens are engulfed by white blood cells that ingest foreign particles. What is this process known as?

B) Phagocytosis

A patient was recently exposed to infectious microorganisms and many T lymphocytes are now differentiating into killer T cells. This process characterizes what stage of the immune response?

B) Proliferation

A man was scratched by an old tool and developed a virulent staphylococcus infection. In the course of the man's immune response, circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message returned to the nearest lymph node. During what stage of the immune response did this occur?

B) Proliferation stage

The nurse should recognize a patient's risk for impaired immune function if the patient has undergone surgical removal of which of the following?

B) Spleen

A nurse is explaining how the humoral and cellular immune responses should be seen as interacting parts of the broader immune system rather than as independent and unrelated processes. What aspect of immune function best demonstrates this?

B) The interactions that occur between T cells and B cells

The nurse is assessing a client's risk for impaired immune function. What assessment finding should the nurse identify as a risk factor for decreased immunity?

B) The patient is under significant psychosocial stress.

Which of the following is a deformity of the chest that occurs as a result of over inflation of the lungs?

Barrel chest

A client presents to the emergency department with fluid overload. The nurse is concerned about fluid accumulation in the lungs. On which of the following areas would the nurse focus the lung assessment?

Bilateral lower lobes

If concern exists about fluid accumulation in a client's lungs, what area of the lungs will the nurse focus on during assessment?

Bilateral lower lobes

The nurse is caring for an adolescent client injured in a snowboarding accident. The client has a head injury, a fractured right rib, and various abrasions and contusions. The client has a blood pressure of 142/88 mm Hg, pulse of 102 beats/minute, and respirations of 26 breaths/minute. Which laboratory test best provides data on a potential impairment in ventilation?

Blood gases

A nurse is reviewing a patient's medication administration record in an effort to identify drugs that may contribute to the patient's recent immunosuppression. What drug is most likely to have this effect?

C) An antineoplastic

A patient requires ongoing treatment and infection-control precautions because of an inherited deficit in immune function. The nurse should recognize that this patient most likely has what type of immune disorder?

C) An autoimmune disorder

A nurse is caring for a patient who has had a severe antigen/antibody reaction. The nurse knows that the portion of the antigen that is involved in binding with the antibody is called what?

C) Antigenic determinant

Diagnostic testing has revealed a deficiency in the function of a patient's complement system. This patient is likely to have an impaired ability to do which of the following?

C) Bridging natural and acquired immunity

A patient's recent diagnostic testing included a total lymphocyte count. The results of this test will allow the care team to gauge what aspect of the patient's immunity?

C) Cell-mediated immune function

A patient with cystic fibrosis has received a double lung transplant and is now experiencing signs of rejection. What is the immune response that predominates in this situation?

C) Cellular

A patient's current immune response involves the direct destruction of foreign microorganisms. This aspect of the immune response may be performed by what cells?

C) Cytotoxic T cells

The nurse knows that the response of natural immunity is enhanced by processes that are inherent in the physical and chemical barriers of the body. What is a chemical barrier that enhances the response of natural immunity?

C) Gastric secretions

A gerontologic nurse is caring for an older adult patient who has a diagnosis of pneumonia. What age-related change increases older adults' susceptibility to respiratory infections?

C) Impaired ciliary action

A nurse is admitting a patient who exhibits signs and symptoms of a nutritional deficit. Inadequate intake of what nutrient increases a patient's susceptibility to infection?

C) Proteins

A patient is responding to a microbial invasion and the patient's differentiated lymphocytes have begun to function in either a humoral or a cellular capacity. During what stage of the immune response does this occur?

C) The response stage

A nurse is planning the assessment of a patient who is exhibiting signs and symptoms of an autoimmune disorder. The nurse should be aware that the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases is known to be higher among what group?

C) Women

What finding by the nurse may indicate that the patient has chronic hypoxia?

Clubbing of the fingers

The nurse auscultates crackles in a patient with a respiratory disorder. With what disorder would crackles be commonly heard?

Collapsed alveoli *Crackles are secondary to fluid in the airways or alveoli or to delayed opening of collapsed alveoli. Sibilant wheezes are associated with asthma and bronchospasm. Fine crackles are associated with pulmonary fibrosis.

A client appears to be breathing faster than during the last assessment. Which of the following interventions should the nurse perform?

Count the rate of respirations.

The nurse is assessing the lungs of a patient diagnosed with pulmonary edema. Which of the following would be expected upon auscultation?

Crackles at lung bases

A son brings his father into the clinic, stating that his father's color has changed to bluish around the mouth. The father is confused, with a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute and scattered crackles throughout. The son states this condition just occurred within the last hour. Which of the following factors indicates that the client's condition has lasted for more than 1 hour?

Cyanosis

Which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia?

Cyanosis

A nurse is reviewing the immune system before planning an immunocompromised patient's care. How should the nurse characterize the humoral immune response?

D) Antibodies are made by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen.

A patient is being treated for cancer and the nurse has identified the nursing diagnosis of Risk for Infection Due to Protein Losses. Protein losses inhibit immune response in which of the following ways?

D) Depressing antibody response

A nursing student is giving a report on the immune system. What function of cytokines should the student describe?

D) Determining whether the immune response will be the production of antibodies or a cell-mediated response

A nurse is planning a patient's care and is relating it to normal immune response. During what stage of the immune response should the nurse know that antibodies or cytotoxic T cells combine and destroy the invading microbes?

D) Effector stage

A patient is being treated for bacterial pneumonia. In the first stages of illness, the patient's dyspnea was accompanied by a high fever. Currently, the patient claims to be feeling better and is afebrile. The patient is most likely in which stage of the immune response?

D) Effector stage

A nurse has admitted a patient who has been diagnosed with urosepsis. What immune response predominates in sepsis?

D) Humoral

A patient's injury has initiated an immune response that involves inflammation. What are the first cells to arrive at a site of inflammation?

D) Neutrophils

A neonate exhibited some preliminary signs of infection, but the infant's condition resolved spontaneously prior to discharge home from the hospital. This infant's recovery was most likely due to what type of immunity?

D) Nonspecific immunity

The nurse is completing a focused assessment addressing a patient's immune function. What should the nurse prioritize in the physical assessment?

D) Palpation of the patient's lymph nodes

Which of the following ventilation-perfusion ratios is exhibited when a patient is diagnosed with pulmonary emboli?

Dead space

While conducting the physical examination during assessment of the respiratory system, which of the following conditions does a nurse assess by inspecting and palpating the trachea?

Deviation from the midline

A client arrives at the physician's office stating dyspnea; a productive cough for thick, green sputum; respirations of 28 breaths/minute, and a temperature of 102.8° F. The nurse auscultates the lung fields, which reveal poor air exchange in the right middle lobe. The nurse suspects a right middle lobe pneumonia. To be consistent with this anticipated diagnosis, which sound, heard over the chest wall when percussing, is anticipated?

Dull

The nurse enters the room of a client who is being monitored with pulse oximetry. Which of the following factors may alter the oximetry results?

Diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease

For air to enter the lungs (process of ventilation), the intrapulmonary pressure must be less than atmospheric pressure so air can be pulled inward. Select the movement of respiratory muscles that makes this happen during inspiration.

Diaphragm contracts and elongates the chest cavity.

Which of the following clinical manifestations should a nurse monitor for during a pulmonary angiography, which indicates an allergic reaction to the contrast medium?

Difficulty in breathing

A nurse is preparing a client for bronchoscopy. Which instruction should the nurse give to the client?

Don't eat.

Lung compliance (the ability of the lungs to stretch) is a physical factor that affects ventilation. A nurse is aware that a patient who has lost elasticity in the lung tissue has a condition known as:

Emphysema

High or increased compliance occurs in which of the following conditions?

Emphysema *High or increased compliance occurs if the lungs have lost their elasticity and the thorax is over-distended as in emphysema. Conditions associated with decreased compliance include pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and ARDS.

A patient with sinus congestion points to a location on the inside of his eye as the area of pain. The nurse documents that the patient is complaining of pain in which sinus?

Ethmoid

A 6-month-old male client and his elder brother, a 3-year-old male, are being seen in the pediatric clinic for their third middle ear infection of the winter. The mother reports they develop an upper respiratory infection and an ear infection seems quick to follow. What contributes to this event?

Eustachian tubes *The nasopharynx contains the adenoids and openings of the eustachian tubes. The eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear and are the means by which upper respiratory infections spread to the middle ear. The client's infection is not caused by genetics. The oropharynx contains the tongue. The epiglottis closes during swallowing and relaxes during respiration.

A patient with sinus congestion complains of discomfort when the nurse is palpating the supraorbital ridges. The nurse knows that the patient is referring to which sinus?

Frontal

You are assessing the respiratory system of a client just admitted to your unit. What do you know to assess in addition to the physical and functional issues related to breathing?

How these issues affect the client's quality of life

A patient is seen in the emergency room for a severe case of diabetic acidosis. The respiratory note indicates the presence of Kussmaul's respirations. The nurse knows that this diagnosis is associated with which of the following?

Hyperventilation

A nurse is concerned that a client may develop postoperative atelectasis. Which nursing diagnosis would be most appropriate if this complication occurs?

Impaired gas exchange

The nursing instructor is talking with senior nursing students about diagnostic procedures used in respiratory diseases. The instructor discusses thoracentesis, defining it as a procedure performed for diagnostic purposes or to aspirate accumulated excess fluid or air from the pleural space. What would the instructor tell the students purulent fluid indicates?

Infection

You are a nurse in the radiology unit of your hospital. You are caring for a client who is scheduled for a lung scan. You know that lung scans need the use of radioisotopes and a scanning machine. Before the perfusion scan, what must the client be assessed for?

Iodine allergy

A nurse practitioner diagnosed a patient with an infection in the maxillary sinuses. Select the area that the nurse palpated to make that diagnosis.

On the cheeks below the eyes

A patient diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis would be expected to have which type of respiratory pattern?

Kussmaul respirations *Kussmaul respirations are seen in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. In Cheyne-Stokes respiration, rate and depth increase, then decrease until apnea occurs. Biot's respiration is characterized by periods of normal breathing (3 to 4 breaths) followed by a varying period of apnea (usually 10 to 60 seconds).

During a pulmonary assessment, the nurse observes the chest for configuration. She identifies the findings as normal. Which of the following would be consistent with normal assessment?

Lateral diameter greater than anteroposterior diameter

A client has a nursing diagnosis of "ineffective airway clearance" as a result of excessive secretions. An appropriate outcome for this client would be which of the following?

Lungs are clear on auscultation.

A physician has ordered that a client with suspected lung cancer undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The nurse explains the benefits of this study to the client. Included in teaching would be which of the following regarding the MRI?

MRI can view soft tissues and can help stage cancers.

A thoracentesis is performed to obtain a sample of pleural fluid or a biopsy specimen from the pleural wall for diagnostic purposes. What does bloody fluid indicate?

Malignancy

Upon palpation of the sinus area, what would the nurse identify as a normal finding?

No sensation during palpation

The student nurse is learning breath sounds while listening to a client in the physician's office. An experienced nurse is assisting and notes air movement over the trachea to the upper lungs. The air movement is noted equally on inspiration as expiration. Which breath sounds would the nurse document?

Normal bronchovesicular sounds

When assessing a client, which adaptation indicates the presence of respiratory distress?

Orthopnea

The nurse is performing an assessment for a patient with congestive heart failure. The nurse asks if the patient has difficulty breathing in any position other than upright. What is the nurse referring to?

Orthopnea *Orthopnea (inability to breathe easily except in an upright position) may be found in patients with heart disease and occasionally in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea (subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing, breathlessness, shortness of breath) is a multidimensional symptom common to many pulmonary and cardiac disorders, particularly when there is decreased lung compliance or increased airway resistance. Tachypnea is abnormally rapid respirations. Bradypnea is abnormally slow respirations.

A client is receiving moderate sedation while undergoing bronchoscopy. Which assessment finding should the nurse attend to immediately?

Oxygen saturation of 90%

A patient comes to the emergency department complaining of a knifelike pain when taking a deep breath. What does this type of pain likely indicate to the nurse?

Pleurisy

During a preadmission assessment, the nurse finds increased tactile fremitus. She knows this sign is consistent with which of the following diagnoses?

Pneumonia

The nurse is caring for a client whose respiratory status has declined since shift report. The client has tachypnea, is restless, and displays cyanosis. Which diagnostic test should be assessed first?

Pulse oximetry

A nurse is reviewing arterial blood gas results on an assigned client. The pH is 7.32 with PCO2 of 49 mm Hg and a HCO3−of 28 mEq/L. The nurse reports to the physician which finding?

Respiratory acidosis

The nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The client calls the doctor and states having difficulty breathing and overall feeling fatigued. The nurse realizes that this client is at high risk for which condition?

Respiratory acidosis

Your client has just had an invasive procedure to assess the respiratory system. What do you know should be assessed on this client?

Respiratory distress

A nurse is caring for a client after a lung biopsy. Which assessment finding requires immediate intervention?

Respiratory rate of 44 breaths/minute

A client with chronic bronchitis is admitted to the health facility. Auscultation of the lungs reveals low-pitched, rumbling sounds. Which of the following describes these sounds?

Rhonchi

Which ventilation-perfusion ratio is exhibited by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Silent unit

In which position should the patient be placed for a thoracentesis?

Sitting on the edge of the bed

The nurse is caring for a patient who is to undergo a thoracentesis. In preparation for the procedure, the nurse will position the patient in which of the following positions?

Sitting on the edge of the bed

The nurse is admitting a client who just had a bronchoscopy. Which assessment should be the nurse's priority?

Swallow reflex

The nurse receives an order to obtain a sputum sample from a client with hemoptysis. When advising the client of the physician's order, the client states not being able to produce sputum. Which suggestion, offered by the nurse, is helpful in producing the sputum sample?

Take deep breaths and cough forcefully.

The nurse answers the call light of a male patient. The patient is complaining of an irritating tickling sensation in the throat, a salty taste, and a burning sensation in the chest. Upon further assessment, the nurse notes a tissue with bright red, frothy blood at the bedside. The nurse can assume the source of the blood is likely from which of the following?

The lungs

The body of a critically ill client may use which of the following homeostatic mechanisms to maintain normal pH?

The lungs eliminate carbonic acid by blowing off more CO2. *To maintain normal pH in critically ill clients, the lungs eliminate carbonic acid by blowing off more CO2. To maintain normal pH in critically ill clients, the lungs conserve CO2 by slowing respiratory volume. This is the way the body would compensate during an acid-base imbalance in cases of metabolic alkalosis. This is the way the body would compensate during an acid-base imbalance in cases of metabolic acidosis.

The client is returning from the operating room following a broncho scopy. Which action, performed by the nursing assistant, would the nurse stop if began prior to nursing assessment?

The nursing assistant is pouring a glass of water to wet the client's mouth.

The nurse documents breath sounds that are soft, with inspiratory sounds longer than expiratory and found over the periphery of the lungs. Which of the following will the nurse chart?

Vesicular

A client experiences a head injury in a motor vehicle accident. The client's level of consciousness is declining, and respirations have become slow and shallow. When monitoring a client's respiratory status, which area of the brain would the nurse realize is responsible for the rate and depth?

The pons *The pons in the brainstem controls rate and depth of respirations. When injury occurs or increased intracranial pressure results, respirations are slowed. The frontal lobe completes executive functions and cognition. The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex called the central fissure. The Wernicke's area is the area linked to speech.

An 18-year-old male client is described as having pectus carinatum. The nurse is aware that the manifestation of this condition would be:

The sternum protrudes and the ribs are sloped backward.

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with asthma. While performing the shift assessment, the nurse auscultates breath sounds including sibilant wheezes, which are continuous musical sounds. What characteristics describe sibilant wheezes?

They can be heard during inspiration and expiration.

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath is termed which of the following?

Tidal volume

The instructor of the pre-nursing physiology class is explaining respiration to the class. What does the instructor explain is the main function of respiration?

To exchange oxygen and CO2 between the atmospheric air and the blood and between the blood and the cells

Knowing respiratory physiology is important to understand how the disease process can work within that system. Which hollow tube transports air from the laryngeal pharynx to the bronchi?

Trachea

Which of the following alveolar cells secrete surfactant?

Type II *Type II alveolar cells are metabolically active and secrete surfactant, a phospholipid that decrease the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents their collapse. Type I alveolar cells are epithelial cells that form the alveolar walls. Type III alveolar cell macrophages are large phagocytic cells that ingest foreign matter and act as an important defense mechanism. Type IV is not a category of alveolar cells.

A 53-year-old male is a regular client in the respiratory group where you practice nursing. As with all adults, millions of alveoli form most of the pulmonary mass. The squamous epithelial cells lining each alveolus consist of different types of cells. Which type of the alveoli cells produce surfactant?

Type II cells

A nurse caring for a patient with a pulmonary embolism understands that a high ventilation-perfusion ratio may exist. What does this mean for the patient?

Ventilation exceeds perfusion.

You are caring for a 65-year-old client who has been newly diagnosed with emphysema. The client is confused by the new terms and wants to know what ventilation means. Which of the following can instruct this client?

Ventilation is breathing air in and out of the lungs.

What is the difference between respiration and ventilation?

Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract.

The nursing instructor is teaching a pre-nursing pathophysiology class. The class is covering the respiratory system. The instructor explains that the respiratory system is comprised of both the upper and lower respiratory system. The nose is part of the upper respiratory system. The instructor continues to explain that the nasal cavities have a vascular and ciliated mucous lining. What is the purpose of the vascular and ciliated mucous lining of the nasal cavities?

Warm and humidify inspired air

The nurse is caring for a client with a decrease in airway diameter causing airway resistance. The client experiences coughing and mucus production. Upon lung assessment, which adventitious breath sounds are anticipated?

Wheezes

The nurse is performing chest auscultation for a patient with asthma. How does the nurse describe the high-pitched, sibilant, musical sounds that are heard?

Wheezes

While auscultating the lungs of a client with asthma, the nurse hears a continuous, high-pitched whistling sound on expiration. The nurse will document this sound as which of the following?

Wheezes *Wheezes, usually heard on expiration, are continuous, musical, high pitched, and whistle-like sounds caused by air passing through narrowed airways. Often, wheezes are associated with asthma.

A nurse is preparing a client with a pleural effusion for a thoracentesis. The nurse should:

assist the client to a sitting position on the edge of the bed, leaning over the bedside table.

A black client with asthma seeks emergency care for acute respiratory distress. Because of this client's dark skin, the nurse should assess for cyanosis by inspecting the:

mucous membranes. *Skin color doesn't affect the mucous membranes. Therefore, the nurse can assess for cyanosis by inspecting the client's mucous membranes. The lips, nail beds, and earlobes are less-reliable indicators of cyanosis because they're affected by skin color.

The nurse auscultates lung sounds that are harsh and cracking, sounding like two pieces of leather being rubbed together. The nurse would be correct in documenting this finding as

pleural friction rub. *A pleural friction rub is heard secondary to inflammation and loss of lubricating pleural fluid. Crackles are soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds that occur during inspiration. Sonorous wheezes are deep, low-pitched rumbling sounds heard primarily during expiration. Sibilant wheezes are continuous, musical, high-pitched, whistlelike sounds heard during inspiration and expiration.

Pink frothy sputum may be an indication of

pulmonary edema.

The term for the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath is

tidal volume.