Chapter 38: Agents to Control Blood Glucose Levels (Combined)
A nurse is providing client education to a 13-year-old girl who was just diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which statement by the client will alert the nurse that special instructions regarding insulin are necessary?
"I am on the middle school track team." Explanation: Because the client is on the track team, she will have increased exercise at various times that will require increased insulin and special instructions related to hypoglycemia that may come hours after she has ceased exercising. Walking two blocks every day and walking up stairs would not be considered increased physical exercise and would not be a factor. Wanting to have her mother administer the insulin is not uncommon for this age client, and the nurse would normally instruct both the mother and the daughter in the administration of the drug.
A client newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes has attended educational sessions to provide insight into the diagnosis. Which of the client's statements should prompt the nurse to provide further teaching?
"I'm disappointed, but I take some solace in the fact that I won't ever have to have insulin injections." Explanation: Among people with type 2 diabetes, 20% to 30% require exogenous insulin at some point in their lives. Obesity is a major cause, and vigilant treatment can prevent future sequelae. The essence of type 2 diabetes is the pancreas' inability to meet insulin needs.
The nurse has just completed discharge instructions to a client who will be using a pen device to deliver his insulin dose. What statement by the client indicates a need for further instruction?
"If I forget to take my insulin pen, I will be able to use the one that my wife uses." Explanation: Insulin pens are client-specific because the needle may be used multiple times and may be contaminated with blood. Also, the pen is prefilled with a specific type of insulin. The client selects the desired units by turning a dial and listening for a locking ring. The insulin dose is determined by the number of clicks heard. It is a useful method for clients who have poor eyesight.
The nurse is discussing diabetes with a group of individuals who are at risk for the disease. Which statement by a participant indicates an understanding of the role of insulin in the disease?
"Insulin assists glucose molecules to enter the cells of muscle and fat tissues." Explanation: Insulin appears to activate a process that helps glucose molecules enter the cells of striated muscle and adipose tissue. It also stimulates the synthesis of glycogen by the liver, promotes protein synthesis, and helps the body store fat by preventing its breakdown for energy.
The stress response triggered by illness will result in the increase secretion of what hormone? Select all that apply. -cortisol -glucagon -growth -thyroxine -epinephrine
-cortisol -glucagon -growth -epinephrine Explanation: Illness may affect diabetes control by triggering a stress response, resulting in increased secretion of glucagon, catecholamines, epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol and the presence of ketosis. Thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, is not affected.
The client is scheduled to get a breakfast tray at 07:00. At what time should the client receive a prescribed dose of insulin lispro?
06:45 Explanation: With short-acting insulins like lispro, aspart, or glulisine, it is important to inject the medication about 15 minutes before eating.
A patient is taking chlorpropamide. The nurse warns the patient about the possibility of hypoglycemia within approximately which time frame after taking the drug?
3 to 4 hours Explanation: Chlorpropamide peaks in 3 to 4 hours, which would be the time for possible hypoglycemia.
The nurse assesses a client's blood glucose level after administering insulin. Which result would the nurse interpret as indicative of severe hypoglycemia?
34 mg/dL Explanation: Blood glucose levels below 40 mg/dL are indicative of severe hypoglycemia.
The nurse is caring for a client who has been prescribed glyburide. Which factor, if identified in the client history, would cause the nurse to inform the health care provider of a contraindication to use?
Allergy to sulfonamides Explanation: Sulfonylureas are contraindicated in clients with hypersensitivity to them, with severe renal or hepatic impairment, and who are pregnant. A diagnosis of hypertension does not cause contraindication of sulfonylureas. The client should consume carbohydrates in association with the oral hypoglycemic agent. An increase in alkaline phosphatase does not result in the contraindication of glyburide.
A client who began treatment for type 2 diabetes 8 months ago is now meeting with a diabetic nurse for a scheduled follow-up. How can the nurse best assess the client's glycemic control since beginning treatment?
Assess the most recent hemoglobin A1C levels. Explanation: Health care providers look at the glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C) levels to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Because glucose stays attached to hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell, which is about 120 days, the hemoglobin A1C level reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. Reviewing blood glucose readings, measuring the client's random blood glucose, and dialoguing with the client are all therapeutic strategies, but hemoglobin A1C is most accurate.
A client receives a dose of insulin lispro at 8 AM. The nurse would be alert for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia at which time?
Between 8:30 AM and 9:30 AM Explanation: With insulin lispro, peak effects would occur in 30 to 90 minutes or between 8:30 AM and 9:30 AM. Regular insulin peaks in 2 to 4 hours, so the nurse would be alert for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia at this time, which would be between 10 AM and 12 noon. With insulin detemir, peak effects would occur in 6 to 8 hours, or between 2 PM and 4 PM. With NPH insulin, peak effects would occur in 4 to 12 hours, or between 12 noon and 8 PM.
The nurse is preparing to administer a mixture of 12 units regular insulin and 45 units NPH insulin to a client with a blood sugar of 378 mg/dL. After the nurse draws the medication into the syringe, what is the nurse's next action?
Check the dosage with another nurse. Explanation: After preparing the syringe with insulin, the nurse should then have the medication and dosage checked by a second nurse to make sure that it is correct. It is not necessary to recheck the client's blood sugar again. It is important to know when the client will be eating again; make sure that it is within the next 30 minutes. However, this is not the nurse's next step. Then the nurse will administer the insulin to the client.
The nurse is aware that premixed insulins (those that contain both regular and NPH insulin) are least effective in what type of client?
Client who has difficulty controlling his diabetes Explanation: Premixed insulins are least effective for clients who have difficulty controlling their diabetes, because it is difficult to individualize the dosages of each type of insulin. It is helpful to clients to use premixed insulin if they have difficulty drawing up their insulin, or seeing the markings on the syringe. The strict monitoring of the diet assists in keeping diabetes in good control.
After teaching a group of students about the various insulin preparations, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify that which type of insulin cannot be mixed with other types?
Detemir Explanation: Insulin detemir cannot be mixed in solution with any other drug, including other insulins. Regular, lente, and lispro can be mixed.
The nurse is educating a client who will be adding an injection of pramlintide to his insulin regimen. What information is most important for the nurse to share with this client to ensure safe medication administration?
Do not give pramlintide in the same site where insulin is administered. Explanation: Clients who take pramlintide should not be injected into the same site where insulin is administered.
Insulin binds with and activates receptors on cell membranes. Once insulin-receptor binding occurs, the membranes become highly permeable to glucose. Which action does this enable?
Entry of glucose into the cells Explanation: After insulin-receptor binding occurs, cell membranes become highly permeable to glucose and allow rapid entry of glucose into the cells.
The nurse is providing education to a client who has been prescribed therapy with an antidiabetic medication. During teaching, the nurse will caution the client against heavy intake of which herb?
Garlic Explanation: Garlic has been known to cause hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetic medications. Anise, basil, and oregano are not noted to carry this risk.
Which would a nurse identify as an example of a sulfonylurea?
Glyburide Explanation: Glyburide is an example of a sulfonylurea. Metformin is classified as a biguanide. Acarbose and miglitol are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
Which is the best indicator of overall diabetic control?
Glycosylated hemoglobin levels Explanation: The glycosylated hemoglobin indicates glucose bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs) when RBCs are exposed to hyperglycemia. The binding is irreversible and lasts for the lifespan of RBCs (approximately 120 days). The test reflects the average blood sugar level during the previous 2 to 3 months. The goal is usually less than 7% (blood level 0.07). The range for people without diabetes is approximately 4% to 6% (blood level 0.04 to 0.06).
The nurse is preparing to administer 20 units of NPH insulin to a client. Before administering the medication, the nurse should implement which intervention?
Have a colleague confirm the dosage. Explanation: Before administering insulin, client safety requires that two nurses always check the dosage. Assessing the client's understanding of the disease may or may not be appropriate or necessary at this time. Injection sites are not massaged before administration. It is not necessary to assess urine for the presence of glucose.
The health care provider has ordered a change of prescription from rapid-acting insulin to an intermediate-acting type. Which adverse effect must the nurse closely monitor for in the client?
Hypoglycemia Explanation: Changing the type of insulin requires caution, and the client should be carefully monitored for hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, either of which may occur as the body adjusts to the different pharmacokinetics of the preparation. However, hypoglycemia may cause an increased sympathetic activity and manifest as tachycardia. Lipodystrophy is caused by the breakdown of subcutaneous fat because of repeated insulin injections at the same site. A change of insulin prescription is not known to cause hypotension.
When describing the effects of incretins on blood glucose control to a group of students, which would an instructor include?
Increases insulin release Explanation: Incretins increase insulin release, decrease glucagon release, slow GI emptying, and stimulate the satiety center. Growth hormone increases protein building.
When administering insulin, what would be most appropriate?
Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle for injection. Explanation: The vial should be gently rotated and vigorous shaking is to be avoided to ensure uniform suspension of the insulin. Typically the area is pinched to allow access to the loose connective tissue layer. The needle is inserted at a 45-degree angle for subcutaneous administration. Gentle pressure should be applied at the injection site.
A nurse at a health care facility is assigned to administer insulin to the patient. Which intervention should the nurse perform before administering each insulin dose?
Inspect the previous injection site for inflammation. Explanation: The nurse should check the previous injection site before administering each insulin dose. The injection sites should be rotated to prevent lipodystrophy. Prefilled syringes should not be kept horizontally; they should be kept in a vertical or oblique position to avoid plugging the needle. The nurse checks for symptoms of myalgia or malaise when administration of metformin leads to lactic acidosis. Insulin should be kept at room temperature for administration. Insulin is refrigerated if it needs to be stored for up to three months for later use.
A client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes asks the nurse why the client cannot just take a pill. The nurse would incorporate what knowledge when responding to this client?
Insulin is needed because the beta cells of the pancreas are no longer functioning. Explanation: Insulin is needed in type 1 diabetes because the beta cells of the pancreas are no longer functioning. With type 2 diabetes, insulin is produced, but perhaps not enough to maintain glucose control or the insulin receptors are not sensitive enough to insulin.
A nurse is presenting an educational event at a local senior citizens' club about diabetes. What would the nurse tell the attendees at the event about diabetes?
It is a complicated disorder that alters the metabolism of glucose. Explanation: Diabetes is a complicated disorder that alters the metabolism of glucose, fats, and proteins affecting many end organs and causing numerous clinical complications. It is part of the metabolic syndrome, a collection of conditions that predispose to cardiovascular disease.
Which would be appropriate to include in teaching a client with type 2 diabetes?
It is possible with weight loss and exercise to discontinue the use of antidiabetic medication. Explanation: Exercise is perhaps the best therapy for the prevention of both type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Exercise is an extremely strong hypoglycemic agent.
What is the expected action of sitagliptin on type 2 diabetes?
It slows the rate of inactivation of the incretin hormones. Explanation: Sitagliptin minimizes the rate of inactivation of the incretin hormones to increase hormone levels and prolong their activity. Sitagliptin does not block the S phase of the cell cycle. Sitagliptin is not a synthetically prepared monosodium salt nor does it inhibit hydrogen, potassium, and ATPase.
The nurse admits a client with type 2 diabetes who takes metformin (Glucophage).The nursing diagnosis given is ineffective breathing pattern. What complication of the client's current drug therapy does the nurse believe the client is experiencing?
Lactic acidosis Explanation: When taking metformin, the client is at risk for lactic acidosis, which causes hyperventilation, myalgia, malaise, GI symptoms, or unusual somnolence. Respiratory alkalosis, fluid overload, and hyperkalemia would be unlikely complications with metformin.
Which would be least appropriate when administering insulin by subcutaneous injection?
Massaging the site after removing the needle Explanation: Gentle pressure should be applied to the injection after the needle is withdrawn. Massaging could contribute to erratic or unpredictable absorption.
After teaching a class about the various drugs used to control blood glucose, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the class identifies what as a biguanide?
Metformin Explanation: Metformin is classified as a biguanide. Miglitol is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Tolbutamide is a first generation sulfonylurea. Glipizide is a second generation sulfonylurea.
A client has refused a scheduled dose of metformin, stating that he/she is worried about inducing hypoglycemia because his/her blood glucose level is currently 66 mg/dL (3.66 mmol/L). The nurse should convey what teaching points to the client?
Metformin does not cause hypoglycemia. Explanation: Experts prefer to call metformin an antihyperglycemic rather than a hypoglycemic because it does not cause hypoglycemia, even in large doses, when used alone. This fact about metformin makes the other statements inaccurate.
A nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. What should the nurse inform the patient are risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes?
Obesity Explanation: The nurse informs the patient that obesity is a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes. Young age and regular exercise are not risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Polyuria is a symptom of diabetes and not a risk factor leading to type 2 diabetes.
A nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes mellitus who is receiving an oral antidiabetic drug. Which of following ongoing assessments should the nurse perform when caring for this patient?
Observe the patient for hypoglycemic episodes. Explanation: As the ongoing assessment activity, the nurse should observe the patient for hypoglycemic episodes. Documenting family medical history and assessing the patient's skin for ulcers, cuts, and sores on the body is a pre-administration assessment activity performed by the nurse. Lipodystrophy occurs if the sites of insulin injection are not rotated.
A client is prescribed sitagliptin. The nurse would expect to administer this drug by which route?
Oral Explanation: Sitagliptin is administered orally.
A client diagnosed with type 1 diabetes suddenly reports feeling weak, shaky, and dizzy. What should be the nurse's initial response?
Perform a blood sugar analysis. Explanation: As long as the client is awake and verbally responsive, check the blood glucose level first. Hypoglycemia can make a client feel weak, confused, irritable, hungry, or tired, but assessment must precede interventions; this makes the other options inappropriate.
A student asks the nursing instructor what insulin has the quickest therapeutic effect once administered. What would be the best response?
Regular (Humulin R) Explanation: Regular insulin has the quickest onset of 30-60 minutes. PZI and ultralente have an onset of 4-8 hours. NPH has an onset of 60-90 minutes.
The nurse is preparing to administer insulin intravenously to a client with a blood glucose level over 600 mg/dL (33.33 mmol/L). What type of insulin will the nurse most likely give?
Regular insulin Explanation: Regular insulin has rapid onset of action and can be given via IV. It is the drug of choice for acute situations, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Isophane insulin (NPH) is used for long-term insulin therapy. Lente insulin is an intermediate-acting insulin. Ultralente insulin is a long-acting insulin.
A client diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis has been admitted to the intensive care unit. The client is prescribed an intravenous insulin drip, so the nurse knows that what type of insulin will be administered?
Regular. Explanation: Regular insulin (insulin injection) has a rapid onset of action and can be given intravenously. Therefore, it is the insulin of choice during acute situations, such as DKA, severe infection or other illness, and surgical procedures. All the other options are administered subcutaneously.
A nurse is instructing a patient in the administration of regular insulin by the subcutaneous route. Which strategy would the nurse suggest if the goal is to promote absorption of the regular insulin?
Select one anatomic area for regular insulin injections and then use serial locations within that area. Explanation: To promote the absorption of regular insulin, one anatomic area should be selected for subcutaneous injections. Serial locations within that anatomic area are then chosen to rotate the exact injection site. Injection sites should not be rotated by using different anatomic areas each day, because this would substantially change the absorption of the insulin and the patient's blood glucose levels. Using one injection site regularly may lead to lipodystrophy. Regular insulin is administered about 30 to 60 minutes before eating a meal, not after.
A nurse is preparing an in-service presentation for a group of staff members on diabetes. Which would the nurse include as the primary delivery system for insulin?
Subcutaneous injection Explanation: Although other delivery systems are available for insulin administration such as the jet injector, insulin pen, and external pump, subcutaneous injection remains the primary delivery system.
A patient at a health care facility has been prescribed diazoxide for hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism. What adverse reactions to the drug should the nurse monitor for in the patient?
Tachycardia Explanation: The nurse should monitor for tachycardia, congestive heart failure, sodium and fluid retention, hyperglycemia, and glycosuria as the adverse reactions in the patient receiving diazoxide drug therapy. Myalgia, fatigue, and headache are the adverse reactions observed in patients undergoing pioglitazone HCl drug therapy. Flatulence is one of the adverse reactions found in patients receiving metformin drug therapy. Epigastric discomfort is one of the adverse reactions observed in patients receiving acetohexamide drugs.
A nurse is working with a newly diagnosed diabetic client on understanding hypoglycemia and insulin reactions. Which action would be most important for the client to understand when planning the response to an insulin reaction?
Take an oral dose of some form of glucose as soon as possible. Explanation: The initial action of the client should be to take some form of oral glucose. It would also be appropriate to call the provider, but this will delay self-treatment and should be done after the administration of the glucose. Injecting insulin would cause further harm to the client and is not an option. It is good to stay calm, but the reaction will not subside without intervention.
A client diagnosed with type 2 diabetes several months ago has presented for a scheduled follow-up appointment. Which stated behavior most clearly indicates that the client has established effective health maintenance?
The client frequently checks blood glucose levels. Explanation: Vigilant blood glucose monitoring is imperative in the management of diabetes. This shows effective health maintenance even more clearly than exercising. Dietary modifications must be undertaken with care in people with diabetes to avoid health consequences. Explaining pathophysiology does not necessarily show effective health maintenance.
Which condition must be met in order for glyburide treatment to be effective?
The client must have functioning pancreatic beta cells. Explanation: Because glyburide stimulates pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin, it is effective only when functioning pancreatic beta cells are present. The presence of normal blood glucose levels would render the medication unnecessary. Self-administration is common but not absolutely necessary.
The nurse is providing care for several clients who have diabetes. Which client should the nurse monitor most closely for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
a client who received 12 units of Humulin R 45 minutes ago Explanation: Administration of regular insulin will create a greater risk for hypoglycemia than metformin, which is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A blood glucose level of 150 mg/dL is nominally elevated, and creates no particular risk for "rebound" hypoglycemia. Clients whose diabetes has been recently diagnosed must be monitored closely, but this does not mean that the client faces a particular risk for hypoglycemia.
The nurse is caring for a client who is taking glyburide as treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The health care provider has added a corticosteroid to this client's medication regimen for treatment of a severe allergic reaction. The nurse knows that this drug combination may cause what adverse effect on this client?
hyperglycemia Explanation: Corticosteroids increase insulin needs, so the client may develop hyperglycemia.
When reviewing the medication list of a client being seen in the clinic, the nurse notes that the client is receiving glipizide. Based on the nurse's understanding, this drug is used to treat:
hyperglycemia. Explanation: Glipizide is an antidiabetic agent with the desired action of lowering the blood glucose level. It is used to treat hyperglycemia. It would worsen, not treat, hypoglycemia, and it has no role in treating abnormal potassium levels (hypokalemia or hyperkalemia).
A nurse is preparing to administer a rapid-acting insulin. Which medication would the nurse likely administer?
insulin lispro Explanation: Insulin lispro is an example of a rapid-acting insulin. Insulin glargine and insulin detemir are long-acting insulin. Isophane insulin suspension is an intermediate-acting insulin.
A client's current condition requires rapid reduction of blood sugar levels. Which type of insulin will have the most rapid onset of action?
insulin lispro Explanation: Insulin lispro has a 15-minute onset of action. NPH, 70/30, and regular insulin have longer onsets of action, a later peak, and a longer duration of action.
When considering the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), what type of insulin can be administered intravenously?
regular Explanation: Regular insulin (insulin injection) has a rapid onset of action and can be given intravenously. Therefore, it is the insulin of choice during acute situations, such as DKA, severe infection or other illness, and surgical procedures. All the other options are administered subcutaneously.
A client with diabetes is undergoing testing for glycosylated hemoglobin. The nurse instructs the client that this test measures average blood glucose over what time period?
the past 3 or 4 months Explanation: Glycosylated hemoglobin measures glucose control over the past 3 to 4 months. When blood glucose levels are high, glucose molecules attach to hemoglobin in the red blood cell. The longer the hyperglycemia lasts, the more glucose binds to the red blood cell and the higher the glycosylated hemoglobin. This binding lasts for the life of the red blood cell (about 4 months) so the other time frames would not be accurate.
A client, being evaluated for diabetes, asks how a blood glucose test is used to diagnosis this disease. What is the nurse's best response?
"A fasting blood sugar result of 126 mg/dL (6.99 mmol/L) or more on two separate occasions is diagnostic of diabetes." Explanation: A major clinical manifestation of hyperglycemia is fasting blood glucose levels exceeding 126 mg/dL (6.99 mmol/L). A person with a fasting blood glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dL (5.55 to 6.94 mmol/L) is said to have impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. The normal hemoglobin A1C level is under 7.
A 42-year-old male client is prescribed glargine insulin for management of his type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse caring for the client develops a teaching plan regarding glargine insulin therapy. Which statement made by the client indicates that the client needs additional teaching?
"The medication will peak in 3 hours." Explanation: Insulin glargine (rDNA) is characterized by a chemical structure that regulates its release from the SC tissue into the circulation, providing a relatively constant glucose-lowering effect with no pronounced peak of action over a 24-hour period. Glargine, unlike NPH, is a clear insulin, similar to regular insulin in its appearance. Extreme caution must be used not to confuse glargine with regular insulin because serious adverse effects, including hypoglycemia, can occur. Glargine must not be diluted or mixed with any other insulin or solution because its onset of action may be delayed, and the solution will become cloudy. Insulin glargine is administered subcutaneously once daily at bedtime.
Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreatic beta cells in response to a rise in glucose levels and what else?
incretins Explanation: Insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. The hormone is released into circulation when the levels of glucose around these cells rise. It is also released in response to incretins, peptides that are produced in the GI tract in response to food.
A client newly diagnosed with diabetes reports "constant, insatiable thirst." When providing teaching to the client, how should the nurse explain the symptom?
"Excess glucose pulled more water through your kidneys and the increased urination caused thirst." Explanation: When large amounts of glucose are present, water is pulled into the renal tubule. This results in a greatly increased urine output (polyuria). The excessive loss of fluid in urine leads to increased thirst (polydipsia). Glucose does not directly affect the thirst center.
A nurse is assigned to administer glargine to a patient at a health care facility. What precaution should the nurse take when administering glargine?
Avoid mixing glargine with other insulin. Explanation: When administering glargine to the patient, the nurse should avoid mixing it with other insulin or solutions. It will precipitate in the syringe when mixed. If glargine is mixed with another solution, it will lose glucose control, resulting in decreased effectiveness of the insulin. Glargine is administered via SC once daily at bedtime. The nurse should not shake the vial vigorously before withdrawing insulin. The vial should be gently rotated between the palms of the hands and tilted gently end-to-end immediately before withdrawing the insulin. The nurse administers insulin from vials at room temperature. Vials are stored in the refrigerator if it is to be stored for about three months for later use.
The nurse is interviewing a client who was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes four months ago. The client does not record glucometer readings. What laboratory test does the nurse anticipate the health care provider will order for this client?
HbA1c Explanation: The nurse anticipates that the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) will be ordered for this client because it provides an average of the client's blood glucose level for the last three- to four-month period. It will also tell how well controlled the client's blood glucose is. A stat urine for glucose and an FBG in the AM will only indicate the client's current blood glucose level, not how well it is being controlled. An insulin level will not give the information needed to understand the client's control of blood glucose.
The two major classifications of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. What is a distinguishing characteristic of type 1 diabetes?
Lifelong exogenous insulin is required. Explanation: Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune disorder that destroys pancreatic beta cells. Insulin is the only effective treatment for type 1 diabetes, because pancreatic beta cells are unable to secrete endogenous insulin and metabolism is severely impaired. Insulin cannot be given orally, because it is destroyed by proteolytic enzymes in the GI tract. Although the onset of type 1 diabetes frequently occurs in childhood, it can also occur in adulthood.
After teaching a group of students about the various methods for the delivery of insulin, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which method as most commonly used for administration?
Subcutaneous injection Explanation: Subcutaneous injection currently is the most common method for administering insulin.
The nurse is caring for a client who is taking insulin. The nurse suspects the client is experiencing hypoglycemia when the client displays what signs?
weakness, sweating, and decreased mentation. Explanation: Symptoms of hypoglycemia include shakiness, dizziness or light-headedness, sweating, nervousness or irritability, sudden changes in behavior or mood, weakness, pale skin, and hunger. The other signs are more consistent with hyperglycemia.
A 58-year-old male client, diagnosed with diabetes at age 14, reports having pain in both feet and hands. What is this pain most likely a result of?
peripheral neuropathy Explanation: Pain in the feet and hands is related to changes in small blood vessels resulting in neuropathy. The long-term effect of diabetes can result in an infectious process, but the pain described is not indicative of an infection. Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult has an onset in adulthood and thus is not a long-term disorder. Hypertension is a long-term chronic effect of diabetes but is not what has been described with pain in the feet and hands.
The nurse monitoring a client receiving insulin glulisine notices the client has become confused, diaphoretic, and nauseated. The nurse checks the client's blood glucose and it is 60 mg/dL (3.33 mmol/L). Which can a nurse give to treat a client with a hypoglycemic episode? (Select all that apply.)
Orange or other fruit juice Glucose tablets Hard candy Explanation: Methods of terminating a hypoglycemic reaction include the administration of one or more of the following: orange or other fruit juice, hard candy or honey, glucose tablets, glucagon, or glucose 10 percent or 50 percent IV.
After reviewing information about different insulin preparations, a nursing student demonstrates understanding of the information when the student identifies which medication as an example of a long-acting insulin?
insulin glargine Explanation: Insulin glargine is an example of a long-acting insulin. Insulin lispro and insulin aspart are rapid-acting insulin. Isophane insulin suspension is an intermediate-acting insulin.
Rosiglitazone is being considered for the treatment of diabetes in an adult client. Before the initiation of rosiglitazone therapy, the nurse should review what laboratory work recently drawn?
liver enzymes Explanation: Rosiglitazone has been associated with hepatotoxicity and requires monitoring of liver enzymes. Liver function tests (e.g., serum aminotransferase enzymes) should be checked before starting therapy and every 2 months for 1 year, then periodically. Platelets, d-dimer, and tests of renal function are less significant to the safety and efficacy of treatment.