Chapter 4, 5 & 6 Nutrition- Kelly Owen

Steven need 2,100 calories per day to maintain his weight, how many grams of total carbohydrate should he consume daily to meet DRI Committee recommendations?

???

Define essential amino acid? What are the essential amino acids?

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body or that cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological need.

Hyperglycemia?

An abnormally high blood glucose concentration, often a symptom of diabetes.

Hypoglycemia?

An abnormally low blood glucose concentration-- below 60 to 70 mg/100 mL

What are the characteristics of Olestra?

An artificial fat approved for use in salty snacks and crackers is olestra. It's sold under the brand name Olean. Created by Procter and Gamble, the olestra molecule resembles a triglyceride but is structured in a way that prevents if rom being broken down y digestive enzymes in the body, thereby allowing it to pass through the digestive tract completely absorbed.

Which has more cholesterol, carrots or broccoli? How do you know?

Neither?

When determining the biological value (BV) of proteins, scientists measure the net loss of _____ from the body.

Nitrogen

Which element is found in all proteins, but not in carbohydrates or fats?

Nitrogen

Which fat replacers may inhibit the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

Olestra interferes with the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) a well as beta-carotene.

Americans are urged to eat more fish due to high content of ____?

Omega-3 fatty acids

Why is carbohydrate said to be "protein sparing"?

Only when the protein-sparing calories from carbohydrate and fat are sufficient to power the cells are the amino acids used for their most important function: making proteins. Thus, energy deficiency (starvation) is always accompanied by the symptoms of protein deficiency.

What is the American heart Association's recommendation for saturated fat intake?

Saturated fat: less than 7% of total calories.

What are the characteristics of saturated fats? Unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats: A fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (having no points of unsaturation). Saturated fats are found in animal foods such as meat, poultry, and full-fat dairy products as well as in tropical oils such as palm and coconut. Unsaturated fats: A fatty acid with one or more points of unsaturation. Unsaturated fats are found in foods from both plant and animal sources. Unsaturated fatty acids are further divided into monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

What foods are said to be the riches forms of starch?

Seeds such as grains, peas and beans. Legumes including dried beans, lentils and soybeans. Root veggies (yams) and tubers (potatoes).

Glycemic effect?

The effect of food on a person's blood glucose and insulin response- how fast and high the blood glucose rises and how quickly the body responds by normalizing.

When does kwashiorkor most commonly occur in children?

The evil spirit that infects the first child when the second child is born.

What are the DRI committee recommendations concerning fat consumption?

Total fat: 20%-35% of total calorie intake. Polyunsaturated fats: Omega-6 fats- 5%-10% of total calorie intake. Adequate intake of linoleum acid (essential omega-6 fatty acid)- Men (17 g/day) and women (12 g/day) Omega-3 fats: 0.6%-1.2% of total calorie intake Adequate intake of linolenic acid (essential omega-3 fatty acid)- Men (1.6 g/day) and women (1.1 g/day)

What makes up 95% of the lipids in the diet?

Triglycerides.

Define complimentary proteins?

Two or more food proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids limited in or missing from each are supplied by the others.

In general, do males or females typically have greater HDL levels?

Women have greater HDL levels

Can cholesterol be synthesized in the body?

Yes it's one of the sterols, manufactured in the body for a variety of purposes.

Answer the following questions concerning enzymes? a. What are they constructed of? b. What is their function? c. What processes are they involved in? d. What do they facilitate?

a. Proteins b. Catalysts- biological spark plugs that help chemical reactions take place. c. Digestion of food, the release of energy from the body's stored energy supplies and the growth and repair of tissue. d. There are thousands of enzymes inside a single cell, each type facilitating a specific chemical reaction.

Answer each of the following statements concerning fat as true or false? a. Fat carries water-soluble vitamins in food. b. Fat is a component of all cell membranes. c. Fat provides a concentrated source of energy. d. Fats provide satiety. e. Fat carries fat soluble vitamins. f. Fats are nonessential in the human diet.

a. True b. True c. True d. True e. True f. False

What are the special proteins that inactivate foreign bacteria?

antibodies

What are the effects of diets high in omega-3 fatty acids?

Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids seem to bring about enhanced defenses against cancer (via the immune response) and reduced inflammation in arthritis and asthma sufferers.

Fats provide satiety by what method?

Digestion is the method. Satiety- the feeling of fullness or satisfaction that people feel after meals.

The ____ dismantles proteins into amino acids and short peptides, which are further broken down and absorbed by cells in the lining of the ____?

Digestive system, stomach??

Within the wheat kernel is a soft, white portion containing starch and protein called the _____?

Endosperm

What factors influence HDL levels? Which is the most powerful?

Gender, smoking habits, weight reduction for those who are overweight. The most powerful factor of all is regular physical activity.

The refining of wheat into white flour involves removing several parts of the kernel and retaining only the _____?

Germ

If amino acids are oversupplied, their amine group is excreted and the fragments that remain are converted to?

Glucose and glycogen or into fat for energy storage

What are the essential lipids?

Glycerol + Fatty acids ---> Triglyceride

What is a desirable level of total blood cholesterol in adults?

<200

If someone is eating protein bars and shakes, thus consuming more protein and calories daily than they require. What is most likely to happen to the excess protein?

???

The protein in which types of foods is the most easily absorbed by the body?

Amino acids from animal and soy proteins are most easily absorbed.

What is the best choice, to choose, when cooking to reduce the added fats in your diet?

-Use non-stick sprays rather than fat to coat pans. -Try reducing the fat in recipes as little at a time (reduce fat by one tablespoon of butter or oil) -When sautéing a vegetable try reducing the amount used and substituting water, fat free vegetable or chicken broth in its place. -Prepare broths, soups and stews ahead of time, refrigerate and scrape off fat on surface. -Remove visible fat from meats, remove skin from poultry, cook meats on a rack so that the invisible fat can drain off. -Replace butter, margarine and oil flavoring with spices, herbs, lemon juice, mustard etc. -Try using fruit jams instead of butter, try whipped instead of regular.

Name 3 monosaccharides?

1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose

What are the two forms of fiber in foods?

1. Insoluble fiber (includes the fiber types called cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) (do not dissolve in water) 2. Soluble fiber (includes the fiber types called pectin, gums, mucilages, some hemicelluloses, and algal substances (for example carageenan) (soluble fibers either dissolve or swell when placed in water).

Name 3 disaccharides and the monosaccharides that compose them?

1. Sucrose (glucose + fructose) 2. Lactose (glucose + galactose) 3. Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Alternative sweeteners?

1. Sunett/Sweet One 2. Equal/Nutra Sweet/others 3. Sweet N' Low/Sweet Twin/Sugar Twin 4. Splenda 5. Truvia/Purevia/Sun Crystals

Protein quality is determined by what two factors?

1. The protein's digestibility. 2. Amino acid composition.

It is recommended that protein provide what percentage of total caloric intake?

10-35%

A bowl of raisin bran contains the following amounts of carbohydrate: Starch (13 grams), Sugar (11grams), Fiber (4 grams), Total (28 grams). How many carbohydrate calories will it provide to your body after digestion?

112??

According to the Dietary Guidelines, how many of the grain servings you eat should be from whole-grain sources?

13%

A total of _____ amino acids compose the majority of protein in living things and nine are ____ to humans.

20, essential

One pound of body fat provides _____ calories?

3, 500 calories

A food contains 15 grams of protein, 19 grams of carbohydrate, and 4 grams of total fat. What is the percentage of calories from protein in this food?

35%

Metabolic syndrome?

A cluster of interrelated symptoms, including obesity, high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipids, and insulin resistance; highly associated with development of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Dental plaque?

A colorless film, consisting of bacteria and their by-products, that is constantly forming on the teeth.

Diabetes?

A disorder characterized by insufficiency or relative ineffectiveness of insulin, which renders a person unable to regulate the bloom glucose level normally (Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes).

What are the characteristics of essential fatty acids?

A fatty acid that cannot be synthesized in the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological need.

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fats?

A fatty acid with one or more points of unsaturation. Unsaturated fats are found in foods from both plant nd animal sources. Unsaturated fatty acids are further divided into monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

What are the aspects of a whole food diet?

A food that is altered as little as possible from the plant or animal tissue from which is was taken--such as milk, oats, potatoes, or apples. The more a food resembles the original, farm-grown product, the more nutritious it is likely to be.

Placebo?

A harmless pill, medicine or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect.

Glucagon?

A hormone released by the pancreas that signals the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream.

Insulin?

A hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; it assists cells in drawing glucose from the blood.

Define protein quality?

A measure of the essential amino acid content of a protein relative to the essential amino acid needs of the body.

Empty calorie food?

A phrase used to indicate that a food supplies calories but negligible nutrients.

Glycogen?

A polysaccharide composed of chains of glucose, manufactured in the body and stored in liver and muscle. If the bloom delivers more glucose than the cells need, glycogen will be built.

Satiety?

A position of being and feeling full to the point where no more food is required for the body to be satisfied.

Phenylketonuria?

A rare metabolic disorder that affects the way the body breaks down protein. If not treated shortly after birth, PKU can be destructive to the nervous system, causing mental retardation.

Ketosis?

Abnormal amounts of ketone bodies in the blood and urine; ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells.

What are the functions of fat in the body?

After eating, the body stores some fat as an energy reserve. The body has unlimited potential to store fat. Excess carbohydrate and protein can be converted to fat but cannot be made from fat.

Which foods are considered good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Almonds, corn oil, cottonseed oil, fish, liquid/soft margarine, mayonnaise, pumpkin seeds, safflower oil, salad dressing, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower jul, sunflower seeds, walnuts.

What is the American Heart Association's recommendation for cholesterol intake? How about the Dietary Guidelines for American's recommendation?

American Heart Association: Less than 300 mg/day on average Dietary Guidelines for American's: Limit dietary cholesterol to less than 300 mg per day ( and less than 200 mg per day in persons at high risk for heart disease or diabetes).

Which oils are NOT rich in polyunsaturated fat? Which oils are rich in polyunsaturated fat?

Are rich: Vegetable oils such as safflower, sunflower, and soybean and in fatty fish. Not rich:

What nutrients are added back to refined grain products when they are enriched?

B vitamins, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and the mineral iron are added to refine grains and grain products at levels specified by law.

Which foods help lower blood cholesterol levels?

Barley, broccoli, carrots, corn, fruits, legumes, oat bran, oats, potatoes, rye.

What are the health benefits of soluble fiber?

Binds cholesterol compounds and may lower blood cholesterol. Improves body's handling of glucose.

What is the usable part of a wheat kernel that is rich in fiber?

Bran

What are the major sources of saturated fat in the U.S. diet?

Butter, oil in salad dressing, trim of steak, nuts, cheese, biscuits, crackers, doughnuts, cookies, muffins, avocados, olives, fried foods and chocolate.

How many grams of fat are in 1 tablespoon of butter? Vegetable Oil?

Butter: 11.52g Vegetable oil: 14g

Binders in some fibers chemically link to which minerals, making them unavailable for absorption?

Calcium and zinc.

Digestive System?

The body system composed of organs and glands associated with the ingestion and processing of food for absorption of nutrients into the body.

The body's main food energy source should be?

Carbohydrates- preferred fuel for the brain and nervous system.

Which type of lipoprotein transports newly digested fat from the intestine through the lymph and blood?

Chylomicron

Starch is what type of carbohydrate?

Complex Carbohydrate, long chains of sugars (glucose) arranged as starch or fiber.

What is the function of a buffer?

Compounds that help keep the acidity (amount of acid) or alkalinity (amount of base) or a solution constant.

When cooking eggs prior to consumption, what is released?

Cooking denatures two raw-egg proteins that bind the B vitamin biotin and mineral iron, as well as a protein that slows the digestion of other proteins. Thus, cooking eggs liberates biotin and iron and aids in protein digestion.

Nursing bottle syndrome?

Decay of all the upper and sometimes the back lower teeth that occurs in infants given carbohydrate-containing fluids when they sleep, or to carry around sip all day.

Dental caries?

Decay of the teeth, or cavities.

In order to achieve a more healthful balance, which fatty acids is it recommended to be increased in the diet? Decrease? Hint: These are unsaturated fatty acids.

Decrease: foods rich in omega-6 fatty acids such as vegetable oils (corn, safflower, sesame, sunflower). Increase: foods rich in omega- 3 fatty acids such as fish, canola, and soybean oils, flaxseed, walnuts, other nuts, and soy foods.

Why are mono saturated fats better for you than polyunsaturated fats?

Decreases total cholesterol, decreases LDL- cholesterol WITHOUT decreasing HDL-cholesterol.

List the possible harmful effects of consuming too much fiber.

Dehydration, intestinal discomfort and limit absorption of iron and other nutrients.

Disruption of a protein chain's normal shape due to heat or acidity is called?

Denaturation.

Which vitamins are found in fatty foods?

Fat-soluable vitamins- A, D, E, and K

Why is fiber important in our diet?

Fiber moves food/waste out of the intestines so that they don't stay forever! Reduces cancer risk, reduces heart disease risk, reduces diabetes risk, reduces cholesterol.

Which simple carbohydrate is known as fruit sugar?

Fructose- the sweetest of the single sugars.

What is the greatest single source of added sugars in the American diet?

High fructose corn syrup.

What are the health benefits of insoluble fiber?

Holds water in the colon and increases bulk to the stool. Stimulates muscles and helps maintain health and tone.

What are the effects of hydrogenating oils?

Hydrogenating the oil creates a new chemical configuration, known as a trans fatty acid, in which hydrogen atoms of the fat lie on opposite sides of the point of unsaturation in the carbon chain instead of side by side.

Glycemic index? Glycemic load (GL)?

Index: A scale that ranks carbohydrate-containing foods by how much they raise bloom glucose levels compared to a standard food such as glucose or white bread. Load: A measure of the extent to which blood glucose is raised by a given amount of carbohydrate-containing food.

Periodontal disease?

Inflammation or degeneration of the tissues that surround and support the teeth.

What are the foods listed in the text and in the notes that are rich in Insoluble fiber? Soluble fiber?

Insoluble: bran, brown rice, green beans, green peas, many veggies, nuts, rice, seeds, skins/peels, wheat bran, whole-grain products. Soluble: barley, legumes, broccoli, carrots, corn, fruits, legumes, oat bran, oats, potatoes, rye.

The condition in which the body is unable to digest lactose is called what?

Lactose Intolerant

What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?

Large waistline, high blood sugar, high blood pressure

What is the major function of lecithin?

Lecithin and other phospholipids are important components of cell membranes. They serve as emulsifiers in the body by joining with both water and fat. Thus, they help fats travel back and forth across the lipid-containing membranes of cells in to the watery fluids on both sides. Foo manufacturers add lecithin to foods such as mayonnaise, margarine, chocolate, salad dressings, and frozen desserts to keep the fats evenly dispersed with the other ingredients.

The disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules is?

Maltose

What is the only animal-derived food that contains significant amounts of carbohydrate?

Milk

What is the best advice a nutritionist can give vegetarian in order to meet their protein needs?

Mixtures of proteins from whole grains, vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds, nut butters, peas, soy products (tofu, tempeh, veggie burgers), dried lentils

Complex carbohydrates come primarily from where?

Plants

What is a nutrient deficiency disease that results from a lack of dietary protein?

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), protein deficiency is kwashiorkor and energy deficiency is marasmus.

Of all the roles proteins play in the body, which role has the highest priority?

Provide the body with energy.

What are the benefits of eating whole grains?

Reduces risk of diabetes, reduced risk of heart disease, reduced risk of rectal cancer, reduced risk of obesity.

When protein reaches the ____, it is made up largely of di and tri peptides.

Small intestine

What are the sources of saturated fat listed in the book?

Solid fats are found in most animal foods but also can be made from vegetable oils through the process of hydrogenation. ???

Describe how soluble fiber in the diet may lower blood cholesterol levels?

Soluble fibers either dissolve or swell when placed in water. This binds cholesterol compounds and may lower blood cholesterol.

What are the two major kinds of complex carbohydrates?

Starches, Fiber???

In the body where does denaturation occur?

Stomach.

When fructose and glucose are bonded together what do they form?

Sucrose

Sugar alcohols?

Sugar alcohols are one type of reduced-calorie sweetener. You can find them in ice creams, cookies, puddings, candies and chewing gum that is labeled "sugar free" or "no sugar added." They provide fewer calories than sugar and have less of an effect on blood glucose than other carbohydrates.

Added Sugar?

Sugars and other caloric sweeteners that are added to foods during processing or preparation. Added sugars do not include naturally occurring sugars that are found in milk and fruit. Examples of added sugars include: white (table) sugar, brown sugar and powder sugar.

Absorption?

The passage of nutrients or substances into cells or tissues; nutrients pass into intestinal cells after digestion and then into the circulatory system (for example, into the bloodstream).

Digestion?

The process by which foods are broken down into smaller absorbable products.

The recommendations for protein are based on the assumption that the protein eaten will come from what sources?

The recommendations for protein intake are based on the assumption that the protein source will be a combination of plant and animal proteins, that it will be consumed with adequate calories from bars and fat, and that other nutrients in the diet will be adequate.

On a gram(s) per kilogram of desirable body weight basis, what is the DRI recommended intake of protein?

The recommended protein allowance for a healthy adult is 0.8 gram per kilogram (or 2.2 pounds) of desirable body weight per day.

For most Americans, the most important dietary change to make in order to reduce blood LDL-cholesterol levels is to reduce intake of ______?

The significant dietary changes you can make are to reduce the amounts of saturated fat and trans fat that you eat; high ink ate of these fats are related to high blood levels of LDL-cholesterol.

When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine drops are incorporated by the liver into _____.

Urea

What are the four types of lipoproteins? What what is the function of each?

VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein)= carries fats packaged or made by the liver to various tissues in the body. LDL (low-density lipoprotein)= carries cholesterol (much of it synthesized in the liver) to body cells. A high blood cholesterol level usually reflects high LDL. HDL (high-density lipoprotein)= carries cholesterol in the blood back to the liver for recycling or disposal. ?????

Which vegetable products contain cholesterol? Meat products?

Vegetables (as well as fruits, nuts and whole grains) do not contain cholesterol. Meats (Poultry, beef, pork, seafood, fish and shellfish).