Chapter 4

Quincy is 4 years old, and he has an intellectual disability and a slightly misshapen face. What most likely happened during Quincy's prenatal development?

He was exposed to a teratogen.

According to ________, culture dictates what people need to learn and the sorts of skills they need to develop.

Vygotsky

The process we use to create new schemas (ways of thinking about how the world works) or drastically alter existing schemas to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

accommodation

The attachment style for infants who do not look at the caregiver when the caregiver leaves or returns and who play happily with the stranger in the caregiver's absence.

avoidant attachment

While visiting your friend and her 1-year-old son, Ian, you notice that Ian does not get upset when his mother leaves the room and he is alone with you, a stranger. In addition, Ian ignores his mother when she comes back into the room. Based on this observation, Ian's attachment style to his mother would most likely be described as

avoidant.

Robby is 11 months old and has begun making speech sounds such as "baba" and "momo." On the other hand, 16-month-old Rebecca can produce two-word sentences such as "Daddy eat" and "Mama give." Robby's speech is ________, whereas Rebecca's speech is ________.

babbling; telegraphic

Severe Impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, often due to Alzheimer's's disease and strokes.

dementia

The scientific study of how humans change over the life span, from conception through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

developmental psychology

The period in prenatal development from three through eight weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and body structures begin to form in the embryo.

embryonic period

The development period roughly corresponding to ages 18-25, between the end of physical and sexual maturity and the completed transition to stable adult patterns of relationships and work.

emerging adulthood

While he is in the waiting room at the doctor's office, Arthur tries to classify infants' attachment type based on their behavior. He is certain that the baby girl sitting across from him is securely attached because she

explores the unfamiliar room and the objects in it while staying in view of her mother.

Tanya looks back on her high school years with fondness because this was the first time she began to find others who dressed and acted like her and who held similar beliefs. Based on this information, Tanya recognizes how her identity was affected by

her peers.

Sampson is a physician who sees many elderly patients. He is likely to notice decreases in their cognitive functioning in all of the following ways EXCEPT

knowledge of basic facts.

Lawrence Kolhberg's lowest level of moral reasoning: at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral.

preconventional level

The second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; during this stage, children think symbolically about objects, but they reason based on intuition and superficial appearances rather than logic.

preoperational stage

Physical features that are not directly related to reproduction, but that indicate the differences between the sexes.

secondary sex characteristics

Environmental substances that can harm prenatal development.

teratogens

In front of Chris, Tasha pours the same amount of water into both a short, fat glass and a tall, thin glass. She then asks Chris which glass has more water. If Chris is 10 years old, he is most likely to answer

that they have the same amount of water.

What is the name of the stage of prenatal development in which the lungs begin to develop?

the embryonic period

By age 4, children understand that someone with hurt feelings might like a hug. This shows the development of

theory of mind.