Chapter 4

Match Bowlby's phase of infant attachment with its characteristic behavior. Phase 1_______ Phase 2_______ Phase 3_______ Phase 4_______

1. Attachment to all humans 2. Attachment to one figure 3. Actively seeks contact 4. Awareness of feelings of others

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.

2 million

In general, infant fear first emerges at _________ months and peaks at about______ months

6, 18

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

7-year-old Harry, who is embarrased 4-year-old sam, who feels shame

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

Abuse Neglect

The term stranger_______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

Anxiety

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults

Cannot receive paid leave

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

Cultural Influences & goodness of fit influences

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face

Which types of behavior represent an infant's biological tendency to elicit attachment behavior from caregivers? (Choose every correct answer.)

Following the caregiver Clinging to the caregiver cooing at the caregiver

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

Goodness of fit

Which statement is true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age

Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.)

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant about 2 to 3 months of age

Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.)

Reciprocal & Synchronous

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

Self-conscious emotions

In which category did Chess and Thomas place children who are somewhat negative and exhibit a low activity level and low mood intensity?

Slow-to-warm-up

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal

Socialization

_________is the term used to describe individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding. (Please watch your spelling.)

Temperament

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to _________ with her parents

communicate/interact

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______. Multiple choice question.

temperament

According to Chess and Thomas' classification, a child who generally adapts well to new experiences and exhibits a positive mood is classified as____

Easy

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n)_______ child.

Easy

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

Easy Difficult Slow-to-warm-up

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n)__________ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

Easy / Easygoing

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

Emotion

___________are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

Emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

Personality / Traits

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as Multiple choice question.

Transactional

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True