Chapter 4

State differences between Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells.

1. prokaryotic cells have naked DNA found in cytoplasm in region named nucleoid. eukaryotic cells have chromosomes made up of DNA and protein found in the nucleus enclosed in the nuclear envelope 2. prokaryotic cells do not have mitochondria eukaryotic does 3. prokaryotic have small ribosomes eukaryotic have large ribosomes 4. prokaryotic have no or few membrane-bound organelles eukaryotic have many

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of PROTEINS and cholesterol needed to make membranes.__________________. ture or false

False phospholipids

Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within which organelle?

Golgi complex

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is best illustrated by the:

basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry.

What cellular structure is unique to plant cells and some photosynthetic fungi?

chloroplasts

Which process is a function of peroxisomes?

detoxification

Apoptosis

process of programmed cell death

List the organelles that are part of endomembrane system.

nucleus membrane golgi apparatus vacuole vesicles rough ER smooth ER

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex which sequence?

cis face to medial region to trans face

rodlike structures consisting of actin

microfilaments

What is found between the primary walls of adjacent cells for cells to adhere tightly to one another?

middle lamella

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

mitochondria

What is one cellular characteristic found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

plasma membrane

encloses an internal thylakoid membrane

plastids

The cellular structure indicated by the arrow in the accompanying figure is responsible for:

protein synthesis.

What does the nucleolus, within the nucleus, synthesize?

ribosomal RNA

Cell fractionation

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

transformation of energy

The micrometer (μm) is the most convenient unit for measuring cells. True or false?

true

Which organelle can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center?

Golgi complex

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol needed to make ____.

cell membranes

How does the nucleus store information?

in the form of DNA

Mitochondria play an important role in cell NECROSIS.__________________. true or false

False apoptosis

Which strategy is most effective for larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio?

having thin, finger-like projections

Golgi complexes of prokaryotic cells produce extracellullar polysaccharides that are used to make cell walls.__________________. True or false

False plant

Homeostasis

Appropriate regulation and balance in internal environment

Identify two structural components of the cytoskeleton, and briefly describe their function(s)

intermediate filaments: provides mechanical support for the plasma membrane microtubules: is to help support and give shape to the cell

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

magnification.

large membranous sacs of plants and fungi

va

Magnification

the ratio of an object's image size to its real size

Describe three functions of cell membranes.

1. keeping the contents of cell within it 2. protecting self from foreign materials 3.diffusing important molecules from outside to inside the cell and also discarding waste product from within the cell

Resolving power

A measure of the clarity of an image; the ability of an optical instrument to show two objects as separate.

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

list the similarities and differences between the function of the chloroplasts and mitochdria. include the identification of specific structures in you comparison

Both have outer and inner membranes and provides the cell with energy. Chloroplast only occurs in plants and conducts photosynthesis. Mitochondria occurs in both plants and animal cells and conducts cellular respiration

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

Why are membrane-bounded organelles able to facilitate faster chemical reactions?

Enzymes are organized close together on the membrane surface.

consists of RNA and protein within another organelle

Nucleolus

ribosomes stud its outer surface

Rough ER

How does the scanning electron microscope differ from the transmission electron microscope?

The SEM gives a three-dimensional image of the object being studied.

Mitochondria

The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy and enclosed membrane

Which statements about centrioles is false?

They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.

DNA is associated with RNA and certain proteins forming chromatin.__________________. True or false?

True

Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?

a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport

DNA is associated with certain proteins, forming a complex called:

chromatin

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane of the ____ and is usually covered with attached ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

membranous sacs in animals

lysosome

Plants lack organ systems for disposing of toxic metabolic waste products. Their cells' vacuoles are like what animal cell organelle?

lysosomes

Chromatin

the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins