Chapter 4
A biochemical rock made from microscopic nonsiliceous plant remains is a. coal. d. rock salt. b. chalk. e. siltstone. c. chert.
A
A carbonate mineral that occurs in a different crystal form and is less common than either calcite or dolomite is a. aragonite. c. calcite. b. gypsum. d. silica.
A
An igneous rock that is an extrusive is a. rhyolite. d. conglomerate. b. gabbro. e. schist. c. granite.
A
Rocks that have recrystallized under high temperatures and pressures are a. metamorphic rocks. d. granite. b. igneous rocks. e. basalt. c. sedimentary rocks.
A
The ferromagnesium silicate mineral that occurs commonly in igneous and metamorphic rock is a. amphibole. d. sylvite. b. pyrite. e. goethite. c. sphalerite.
A
The most common extrusive rock composed of fine mineral crystals is a. basalt. d. diorite. b. gabbro. e. conglomerate. c. rhyolite.
A
The overwhelmingly predominant constituent of an igneous rock is a. silicon. c. aluminum. b. oxygen. d. calcium.
A
Which of the following is a foliated metamorphic rock? a. schist c. gabbro b. shale d. marble
A
. What is the parallel alignment of flakes of mica in a rock, which is the result of directional pressure called? a) clastic texture b) foliation c) crystalline texture d) cleavage e) stratification
B
Diorite is a relatively coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar. Its fine grained equivalent is a. basalt. c. pumice. b. andesite. d. rhyolite.
B
Earth's crustal rocks are dominated by which two elements? a) iron and oxygen b) silicon and oxygen c) iron and magnesium d) oxygen and aluminum e) silicon and aluminum
B
Igneous rocks that cool slowly beneath the Earth's surface have: a) small crystals. b) large crystals. c) large crystals in a fine-grained matrix. d) glass but no crystals. e) foliation.
B
Rocks that cool from a melt are a. metamorphic rocks. d. hard rocks. b. igneous rocks. e. on the rocks. c. sedimentary rocks.
B
Rocks which consist of weathered fragments of pre-existing rocks are called: a) plutonic. b) sedimentary. c) igneous. d) metamorphic. e) extrusive.
B
Rocks which have been changed by heat, pressure, and associated chemical activity are referred to as: a) plutonic. b) metamorphic. c) igneous. d) sedimentary. e) extrusive.
B
The fine extrusive equivalent of granite is a. diorite. d. basalt. b. rhyolite. e. gabbro.
B
What is coal formed from? a) sand grains b) plant remains c) carbonate minerals d) extrusive igneous rocks e) clay minerals
B
Which of the following is one of the eight most common elements in the earth's crust? a. nitrogen d. thorium b. potassium e. hydrogen c. uranium
B
A textural term used to describe an igneous rock with large crystals called phenocrysts in a matrix of more finely crystalline rock is a. phenocryptic. c. porphyritic. b. polymorphic. d. dolomitic.
C
Because of its iron and magnesium content which one of the following is considered a ferromagnesium (mafic) mineral? a. orthoclase c. hornblende b. plagioclase d. obsidian
C
Rocks which have cooled from a molten state are referred to as: a) carbonates. b) metamorphic. c) igneous. d) sedimentary. e) sandstones.
C
The rock cycle shows us that a. metamorphic rocks can only be derived from igneous rocks. b. metamorphic rocks are derived from magma. c. any rock type can be derived from any other rock type. d. igneous rocks are composed of quartz and gabbro
C
What is the dominant mineral in the Earth's crust? a) quartz b) clay c) feldspar d) calcite e) basalt
C
What is the mineral that is the main constituent of limestone and marble? a) quartz b) feldspar c) calcite d) clay e) halite
C
When granite is weathered, this mineral will remain unaltered because it is relatively very resistant to weathering: a) olivine. b) feldspar. c) quartz. d) calcite. e) pyroxene.
C
A clastic rock composed of water-worn, rounded particles larger than 2 mm in diameter is a. mudstone. c. breccia. b. siltstone. d. conglomerate.
D
An example of a sedimentary evaporite is a. calcite. c. limestone. b. dolomite. d. gypsum.
D
As feldspars weather, they form a mineral called: a) quartz. b) augite. c) calcite. d) clay. e) olivine.
D
Silicates of hydrogen and aluminum with additions of magnesium, iron and potassium are called a. nonsilicate minerals. c. mica. b. olivine. d. clay minerals.
D
The elements that comprise 60% of earth's crust and are silicates are called a. dolomites. d. feldspars. b. carbonates. e. quartz. c. sulfates.
D
The size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in a rock constitutes its a. permeable origin. c. cement. b. porosity. d. texture.
D
Which mineral reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce bubbles of CO2 gas? a) anhydrite b) gypsum c) quartz d) calcite e) feldspar
D
Which of these minerals formed by precipitattion from a body of water that evaporated? a) quartz b) dolomite c) micas d) halite e) olivine
D
. The igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks may be changed into one another through processes such as melting, compression and alteration, or weathering and erosion. These changes are part of: a) Bowen's reaction series. b) mineralization. c) neptunism. d) catastrophism. e) rock cycle.
E
Slate is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock that is composed of calcite or dolomite and therefore relatively soft.
F
T/F Lava is the term used to describe a mixture of molten silicates and gases while it is still beneath the surface
F
T/F The common foliated metamorphic rocks are gneiss and marble
F
T/F All sedimentary rocks are classified according to their composition and texture.
T
T/F Evaporites are chemically precipitated rocks that are formed as a result of evaporation of saline water bodies
T
T/F Most metamorphic rocks exhibit a layering called foliation which results from the parallel alignment of mineral grains.
T
T/F Regional metamorphism is a type of rock alteration that is really extensive and occurs under the conditions of great confining pressures and heat accompanying deep burial and mountain building.
T
T/F Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation and consolidation of the products of weathering derived from older rock masses, as well as by chemical precipitation and the accumulation of organic debris.
T
T/F The most abundant limestones are of marine origin and have formed as a result of precipitation of calcite or aragonite by organisms that have died and settled to the sea floor
T
T/F The span of time through which the earth has evolved is termed geologic time.
T
A carbonate mineral that occurs more rarely than either calcite or dolomite is .
aragonite
The term reserved for clastic rocks composed of fragments that are angular but similar in size to those of conglomerates is .
breccia
A soft, porous variety of limestone that is composed largely of extremely minute calcareous skeletal elements is called .
calk
The texture of a rock that is composed of grains and broken fragments (clasts) of pre-existing minerals, rocks, and fossils is called .
clastic
The minerals that are silicates of hydrogen and aluminum with additions of magnesium, iron, and potassium are called .
clay minerals
Alterations of rock immediately adjacent to igneous intrusions constitute this type of metamorphism
contact
Halite and the various gypsum minerals are sometimes referred to as _______ because they are often precipitated from bodies of water that have been subjected to intense evaporation.
evaporites
Orthoclase and plagioclase are members of this major group of silicate minerals called __________.
feldspar
A silica-rich, relatively light-colored intrusive rock composed primarily of potassium feldspar, quartz, sodium plagioclase, hornblende, and mica is .
granite
Rocks that have cooled from a molten state are
igneous
Loose sediment is converted to coherent solid rock by any of several processes: precipitation of a cementing material around individual grains, compaction, or crystallization. These processes constitute .
lithification
Rocks that have been changed from previously existing rocks by the action of heat, pressure, and associated chemical activity are .
metamorphic
A naturally occurring element or compound formed by inorganic processes that has a definite chemical composition or range of compositions as well as distinctive properties that reflect its internal atomic structure is .
mineral
The general process by which a rock subjected to high temperature and pressure is partly melted and the liquid component is moved to another location is
partial melting
The size, shape, and arrangement of constituent minerals in a rock is called .
texture
