Chapter 4

Aryepiglottic folds course from side of epiglottis to the ________ apex

aryetenoid

Gliding of arytenoids facilitates

change in vocal length

The ________ bone attaches to superior part of thyroid cartilage

hyoid

The _________________________ abducts vocal folds

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Thyromuscularis muscles

relaxer Immediately lateral to each thyrovocalis muscle Contraction draws the arytenoid cartilages toward the thyroid cartilage, relaxing the vocal folds

Contraction of the thyromuscularis ______ the thyrovocalis

relaxes

Cricothyroid joint

Point where the thyroid cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage Permits rocking motion of the thyroid cartilage

The ventricle

Separates ventricular folds from the vocal folds

Arytenoid cartilages

Sit on back, upper surface of cricoid cartilage Posterior point of attachment for vocal folds

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Sole abductor of the vocal folds Contraction pulls muscular process posteriorly

The pyriform sinus

Space between the aryepiglottic fold and the thyroid cartilage

The glottis

Space between the vocal folds Variable in size Most important laryngeal space for speech

Thyrovocalis muscle

Tensors Contraction draws thyroid and cricoid cartilages closer together in the back, but farther in the front

Cricothyroid muscle

Tensors Contraction pulls the thyroid and cricoid closer together in front, but farther in the back Primary tensor of vocal folds Responsible for major laryngeal adjustment associated with pitch change

______and_____ form the _____ muscle layer of the vocal folds

Thyromuscularis , thyrovocalis, thyroarytenoid

Thyroid Cartilage

Vocal folds attach behind the thyroid notch Anterior point of attachment for the vocal folds

The___ cartilage sits above the cricoid cartilage.

thyroid

Thyrovocalis and _____________ muscles make up muscular portion of vocal folds

thyromuscularis

The deepest of the five layers is the _________________

thyrovocalis muscle

The ________ are found between tongue and epiglottis, within folds arising from several ligaments

valleculae

cricothyroid joint and allows

where thyroid cartilage articulates with cricoid cartilage- to rock forward and backward at this joint

The _______ is the space between fold of aryepiglottic membrane and thyroid cartilage laterally

pyriform

larynx three unpaired cartilages

Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis cartilage

Hyoid and laryngeal elevators

Elevate hyoid and larynx

Vocal Fold Tissue Layers 5

Epithelium Lamina propria Superficial lamina propria Deep lamina propria Thyroarytenoid muscle

Actions of Extrinsic Muscles

Ligaments connect hyoid bone with the laryngeal cartilages The larynx follows the movements of the hyoid.

The vestibule

Most superior cavity of the larynx

Aditus laryngis:

The entry to the larynx

The valleculae

"little valleys" formed by the mucous membrane between the tongue and the epiglottis

Hyoid Bone 3 located... unites... articulates..

-Located superior to larynx -Unites the tongue with the laryngeal structure -Articulates with thyroid cartilage by means of thyroid's superior processes

Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx 4

Adductors Abductors Tensors Relaxers

Lamina propria

Deep to epithelial layer Connective tissue that underlies mucosal epithelia throughout body Three different layers

Hyoid and laryngeal depressors

Depress hyoid Depress and stabilize larynx via its attachment to the hyoid Stabilize the tongue by serving as antagonists to laryngeal elevators Laryngeal and tongue musculature is highly interconnected

Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx

Hyoid and Laryngeal Elevators Hyoid and Laryngeal Depressors

Abductor

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Corniculate cartilages

Sit on each arytenoid cartilage Prominent landmarks in the aryepiglottic folds

Cuneiform Cartilages

Small cartilages embedded within aryepiglottic folds Sit above and anterior to the corniculate cartilages Make the aryepiglottic folds stiffer -Provide support for membranous laryngeal covering

Subglottal space

Space beneath the vocal folds

Medial compression

The degree of force that may be applied by vocal folds at their point of contact

Relaxers

Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid)

Transverse arytenoid & oblique arytenoid

adductor Contraction pulls arytenoids closer together

Lateral cricoarytenoid

adductor Contraction pulls muscular process forward

Contraction of the mylohyoid muscle ____ and projects the hyoid forward

elevates

Contraction of the stylohyoid muscle ____ and retracts the hyoid

elevates

Geniohyiod muscle___ the hyoid and draws it forward

elevates

Paired contraction of anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle______ the hyoid

elevates

The __________ is deep to the epithelial layer Composed of two layers of elastin and one layer of collagen fibers

lamina propria

The _______________________ adducts vocal folds by rocking arytenoids medially

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Arytenoid cartilages Provide

mechanical structure that permits onset and offset of voicing

Contraction of cricothyroid rocks thyroid down in anterior aspect, lengthening and _________ vocal folds

tensing

____________is musculo-cartilaginous structure located at upper end of trachea

the larynx

result of thyroid and cricoid rocking

the vocal folds stretch and tense, and pitch is higher

Oblique and __________ arytenoid muscles pull arytenoids closer together, assisting adduction

transverse

Contraction of the thyrohyoid muscle can both ___ the hyoid AND ___ the larynx

depress, raise

Contraction of the sternohyoid muscle____the hyoid and can fix the hyoid and larynx

depresses

Contraction of the sternothyroid muscle _____the thyroid cartilage

depresses

Paired contraction of superior and inferior bellies of the omohyoid muscle ___ the hyoid

depresses

The ________ attaches to tongue and thyroid cartilage, dropping down to cover larynx during swallowing

epiglottis

The ______ is the variable space between vocal folds

glottis

Cricoid Cartilage

Complete ring resting on the topmost ring of the trachea Most inferior of laryngeal cartilages

Thyrovocalis Muscle

Deep to lamina propria Largest layer Active element of vocal folds

Adductors 3 function

Lateral cricoarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Oblique arytenoid Adductors bring the vocal folds to midline

Epiglottis

Leaf-like cartilage Located medially to hyoid bone Potentially protective structure Will drop to cover orifice of larynx during swallowing

Deep lamina propria

Made of collagen fibers, which prohibit extension

Intermediate lamina propria

Made of elastin fibers

Superficial lamina propria

Made of elastin fibers, which add strength and elasticity

Epithelium

Most superficial layer Extremely thin sheet Aids in hydration of vocal folds by assisting in fluid retention

Aryepiglottic folds:

Mucus membranes that form the entrance to the larynx

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles functions

Muscles that have both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages Open and close the vocal folds Tense and relax the vocal folds

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Muscles that have one attachment on a nonlaryngeal structure

Tensors 2

Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid) Cricothyroid

Cricoarytenoid joint

Point where an arytenoid cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage permits three kinds of movement of the arytenoid cartilage Rocking Gliding Rotating

larynx three paired cartilages

Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage

The __________ cartilages rest on upper surface of arytenoids

corniculate

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages articulate by means of the __________ joint that lets two cartilages come closer together in front

cricothyroid

The ______________ cartilages reside within the aryepiglottic folds

cuneiform