Chapter 4
Aryepiglottic folds course from side of epiglottis to the ________ apex
aryetenoid
Gliding of arytenoids facilitates
change in vocal length
The ________ bone attaches to superior part of thyroid cartilage
hyoid
The _________________________ abducts vocal folds
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
Thyromuscularis muscles
relaxer Immediately lateral to each thyrovocalis muscle Contraction draws the arytenoid cartilages toward the thyroid cartilage, relaxing the vocal folds
Contraction of the thyromuscularis ______ the thyrovocalis
relaxes
Cricothyroid joint
Point where the thyroid cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage Permits rocking motion of the thyroid cartilage
The ventricle
Separates ventricular folds from the vocal folds
Arytenoid cartilages
Sit on back, upper surface of cricoid cartilage Posterior point of attachment for vocal folds
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Sole abductor of the vocal folds Contraction pulls muscular process posteriorly
The pyriform sinus
Space between the aryepiglottic fold and the thyroid cartilage
The glottis
Space between the vocal folds Variable in size Most important laryngeal space for speech
Thyrovocalis muscle
Tensors Contraction draws thyroid and cricoid cartilages closer together in the back, but farther in the front
Cricothyroid muscle
Tensors Contraction pulls the thyroid and cricoid closer together in front, but farther in the back Primary tensor of vocal folds Responsible for major laryngeal adjustment associated with pitch change
______and_____ form the _____ muscle layer of the vocal folds
Thyromuscularis , thyrovocalis, thyroarytenoid
Thyroid Cartilage
Vocal folds attach behind the thyroid notch Anterior point of attachment for the vocal folds
The___ cartilage sits above the cricoid cartilage.
thyroid
Thyrovocalis and _____________ muscles make up muscular portion of vocal folds
thyromuscularis
The deepest of the five layers is the _________________
thyrovocalis muscle
The ________ are found between tongue and epiglottis, within folds arising from several ligaments
valleculae
cricothyroid joint and allows
where thyroid cartilage articulates with cricoid cartilage- to rock forward and backward at this joint
The _______ is the space between fold of aryepiglottic membrane and thyroid cartilage laterally
pyriform
larynx three unpaired cartilages
Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis cartilage
Hyoid and laryngeal elevators
Elevate hyoid and larynx
Vocal Fold Tissue Layers 5
Epithelium Lamina propria Superficial lamina propria Deep lamina propria Thyroarytenoid muscle
Actions of Extrinsic Muscles
Ligaments connect hyoid bone with the laryngeal cartilages The larynx follows the movements of the hyoid.
The vestibule
Most superior cavity of the larynx
Aditus laryngis:
The entry to the larynx
The valleculae
"little valleys" formed by the mucous membrane between the tongue and the epiglottis
Hyoid Bone 3 located... unites... articulates..
-Located superior to larynx -Unites the tongue with the laryngeal structure -Articulates with thyroid cartilage by means of thyroid's superior processes
Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx 4
Adductors Abductors Tensors Relaxers
Lamina propria
Deep to epithelial layer Connective tissue that underlies mucosal epithelia throughout body Three different layers
Hyoid and laryngeal depressors
Depress hyoid Depress and stabilize larynx via its attachment to the hyoid Stabilize the tongue by serving as antagonists to laryngeal elevators Laryngeal and tongue musculature is highly interconnected
Extrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Hyoid and Laryngeal Elevators Hyoid and Laryngeal Depressors
Abductor
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Corniculate cartilages
Sit on each arytenoid cartilage Prominent landmarks in the aryepiglottic folds
Cuneiform Cartilages
Small cartilages embedded within aryepiglottic folds Sit above and anterior to the corniculate cartilages Make the aryepiglottic folds stiffer -Provide support for membranous laryngeal covering
Subglottal space
Space beneath the vocal folds
Medial compression
The degree of force that may be applied by vocal folds at their point of contact
Relaxers
Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid)
Transverse arytenoid & oblique arytenoid
adductor Contraction pulls arytenoids closer together
Lateral cricoarytenoid
adductor Contraction pulls muscular process forward
Contraction of the mylohyoid muscle ____ and projects the hyoid forward
elevates
Contraction of the stylohyoid muscle ____ and retracts the hyoid
elevates
Geniohyiod muscle___ the hyoid and draws it forward
elevates
Paired contraction of anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle______ the hyoid
elevates
The __________ is deep to the epithelial layer Composed of two layers of elastin and one layer of collagen fibers
lamina propria
The _______________________ adducts vocal folds by rocking arytenoids medially
lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
Arytenoid cartilages Provide
mechanical structure that permits onset and offset of voicing
Contraction of cricothyroid rocks thyroid down in anterior aspect, lengthening and _________ vocal folds
tensing
____________is musculo-cartilaginous structure located at upper end of trachea
the larynx
result of thyroid and cricoid rocking
the vocal folds stretch and tense, and pitch is higher
Oblique and __________ arytenoid muscles pull arytenoids closer together, assisting adduction
transverse
Contraction of the thyrohyoid muscle can both ___ the hyoid AND ___ the larynx
depress, raise
Contraction of the sternohyoid muscle____the hyoid and can fix the hyoid and larynx
depresses
Contraction of the sternothyroid muscle _____the thyroid cartilage
depresses
Paired contraction of superior and inferior bellies of the omohyoid muscle ___ the hyoid
depresses
The ________ attaches to tongue and thyroid cartilage, dropping down to cover larynx during swallowing
epiglottis
The ______ is the variable space between vocal folds
glottis
Cricoid Cartilage
Complete ring resting on the topmost ring of the trachea Most inferior of laryngeal cartilages
Thyrovocalis Muscle
Deep to lamina propria Largest layer Active element of vocal folds
Adductors 3 function
Lateral cricoarytenoid Transverse arytenoid Oblique arytenoid Adductors bring the vocal folds to midline
Epiglottis
Leaf-like cartilage Located medially to hyoid bone Potentially protective structure Will drop to cover orifice of larynx during swallowing
Deep lamina propria
Made of collagen fibers, which prohibit extension
Intermediate lamina propria
Made of elastin fibers
Superficial lamina propria
Made of elastin fibers, which add strength and elasticity
Epithelium
Most superficial layer Extremely thin sheet Aids in hydration of vocal folds by assisting in fluid retention
Aryepiglottic folds:
Mucus membranes that form the entrance to the larynx
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles functions
Muscles that have both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages Open and close the vocal folds Tense and relax the vocal folds
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Muscles that have one attachment on a nonlaryngeal structure
Tensors 2
Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid) Cricothyroid
Cricoarytenoid joint
Point where an arytenoid cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage permits three kinds of movement of the arytenoid cartilage Rocking Gliding Rotating
larynx three paired cartilages
Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage
The __________ cartilages rest on upper surface of arytenoids
corniculate
Thyroid and cricoid cartilages articulate by means of the __________ joint that lets two cartilages come closer together in front
cricothyroid
The ______________ cartilages reside within the aryepiglottic folds
cuneiform