Chapter 4 & 5 Test Bank
The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membrane
Mucous membrane
Tissue that has a surface to which nothing is attached
Skin epidermis
What are glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation?
Sudoriferous glands
The tissue that forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes is ________ connective tissue.
areolar
What are cell remnants of the stratum corneum?
Cornified keratinocytes
All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one. 1. The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. 2. Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete. 3. Granulation tissue is formed. 4. Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. 5. The wound retracts. 6. Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. 7. Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break.
1, 4, 3, 7, 6, 5, 2
Arteries, veins, and lymphatics keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy. A) endothelium B) mesothelium C) transitional epithelium D) simple cuboidal epithelium
A
Cell type not found in areolar connective tissue. A) chondrocytes B) fibroblasts C) macrophages D) mast cells
A
Edema occurs when A) areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area B) adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis C) collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape D) reticular connective tissue invades the area
A
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated variety ________. A) lines most of the respiratory tract B) aids in digestion C) possesses no goblet cells D) is not an epithelial classification
A
The simple columnar epithelium that form absorptive cells of the digestive tract have which characteristic? A) dense microvilli B) a rich vascular supply C) fibroblasts D) cilia
A
What are the three main components of connective tissue? A) ground substance, fibers, and cells B) alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers D) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts
A
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? A) goblet cells B) mast cells C) macrophages D) cilia
A
Which is true concerning muscle tissue? A) highly cellular and well vascularized B) cuboidal shape enhances function C) contains contractile units made of collagen D) is a single-celled tissue
A
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. B) Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. C) Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. D) These glands are ductless.
A
Which statement best describes connective tissue? A) usually contains a large amount of matrix B) typically arranged in a single layer of cells C) primarily concerned with secretion D) usually lines a body cavity
A
Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers? A) epithelial tissue B) connective tissue C) nervous tissue D) muscle tissue
A
Since mature adipocytes rarely divide, how can adults gain weight?
Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume.
Chondroblasts ________. A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix C) remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes D) never lose their ability to divide
B
Connective tissue matrix is composed of ________. A) cells and fibers B) fibers and ground substance C) ground substance and cells D) all organic compounds
B
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) sebaceous D) ceruminous
B
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function form a(n) ________. A) organ B) tissue C) organism D) organ system
B
Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________ A) myofilaments B) intercalated discs C) flana D) stroma
B
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. A) It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B) Its primary function is nutrient storage. C) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. D) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.
B
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.
B
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A) elastic B) collagen C) reticular D) muscle
B
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. A) hydroxyapatite crystals B) collagen fibers C) reticular fibers D) elastic fibers
B
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. A) adipose tissue B) elastic cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage
B
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? A) microvilli B) Golgi bodies C) lysosomes D) multiple nuclei
B
How is blood unique among connective tissues?
Blood does not give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, the fibers are soluble, it carries nutrients, waste products, and other substances, and it attaches to several gases.
What tissue supports and protects; stores calcium?
Bone (osseous) tissue
A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of a tumor on her thyroid gland. The surgeon informs her that she will have only a very thin scar. How could this be possible?
By making a sharp incision which minimizes the number of injured cells and wound defects once reapproximated, the amount of granulation (scar-forming) tissue will be minimal. As the scar tissue beneath matures and contracts, very little new epithelium needs to bridge the gap. The final result may be only a fine white line.
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage? A) It is more vascularized. B) It contains more nuclei. C) Fibers are not normally visible. D) It forms most of the embryonic skeleton.
C
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? A) simple squamous B) transitional C) simple columnar D) stratified squamous
C
Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A) areolar B) dense regular C) embryonic D) reticular
C
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.
C
The blast cell for blood production is the ________. A) osteoblast B) chondroblast C) hemocytoblast D) fibroblast
C
The first step in tissue repair involves ________. A) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells B) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue C) inflammation D) formation of scar tissue
C
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? A) cartilage tissue B) fibrocartilaginous tissue C) osseous tissue D) areolar tissue
C
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes? A) pseudostratified columnar B) simple columnar C) simple squamous D) simple cuboidal
C
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is found in bone? A) living cells B) lacunae C) blood vessels D) organic fibers
C
Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.
C
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C) Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength. D) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.
C
Tissue that moves blood through the body
Cardiac muscle
A membrane that consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Cutaneous
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________. A) simple cuboidal B) simple squamous C) transitional D) stratified squamous
D
Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
D
Which of the following is not a step in tissue repair? A) Inflammation B) Restoration of blood supply C) Regeneration and fibrosis. D) Formation of new stem cells
D
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. A) Stratified cuboidal B) Stratified columnar C) Transitional D) Pseudostratified columnar
D
What are skin macrophages that help activate the immune system?
Dendritic cells
A membrane that lines blood vessels and the heart.
Endothelium
Explain what is meant by epithelial tissue being avascular but innervated.
Epithelial tissue contains no blood vessels but is supplied by nerve fibers.
How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue?
Epithelial versus connective distinctions include: tight cell packing versus wide cell spacing, avascular versus vascular (except cartilage), polar versus nonpolar orientation, no matrix versus matrix (with important fibers), limited versus numerous cell types, and surface versus subsurface purposes.
Explain why an open wound would need a bed of granulation tissue for wound healing to occur.
Epithelium cannot grow across a defect without a blood supply from underlying connective tissue. Granulation tissue contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and first lay down the needed capillary bed.
In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved? Why do you think this is so?
Epithelium gives rise to most cancers. This is probably because epithelial cells divide more, leading to more opportunity for damage to growth control mechanisms, and because epithelia are more often in contact with environmental insults such as ultraviolet radiation and carcinogens.
A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity. (T/F)
False
Aging tends to increase bony spread within the body as chondrocytes die. (T/F)
False
Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. (T/F)
False
Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. (T/F)
False
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands. (T/F)
False
Healing of a surgical incision through the body wall will tend to increase the amount of areolar tissue. (T/F)
False
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle. (T/F)
False
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally until the cell ruptures. (T/F)
False
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers. (T/F)
False
Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement. (T/F)
False
Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue. (T/F)
False
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present. (T/F)
False
What is the protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin?
Keratin
What are the most abundant cells of the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why?
Macrophages are large, irregularly shaped cells that act as key defenders that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. This "big eater" also disposes of dead tissue cells, which helps to clean out the wound, allowing for granulation tissue to form.
A membrane found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Mucous membrane
What are cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that function as a sensory receptor for touch?
Merkel cells
Smooth muscle has _____ regeneration capacity
Moderate regenerative ability
Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells?
Phagocytosis
Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?
Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the serosal membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic wall. Pain is caused by the irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the cavity.
A membrane that makes up the pleura and pericardium.
Serous membrane
The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.
Serous membrane
Tissue that moves food through the GI tract
Smooth muscle
What is the layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
What is the layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable?
Stratum corneum
Tissue derived from mesenchyme
Tendon
Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why?
Tendons are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which consists of densely packed, parallel connective tissue fibers. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; consequently, repair is slow. Because of the structure of the tissue, surgical repair can be compared to attempting to suture two bristle brushes together. The broken ends of existing collage fibers will not reunite and can still slip past each other. Furthermore, any scar that forms has an irregular pattern with less one-way strength than parallel fibers.
What are the primary germ layers during embryonic development and what do they ultimately produce?
The ectoderm produces the skin and nervous system. The mesoderm produces muscles and connective tissue. The endoderm produces the inner epithelial surface of all internal organ tubes opening to the outside and many endocrine glands.
A 6-year-old child fell off his bike and scraped his knee. Describe the first stage of wound healing.
The first stage is the inflammatory stage, characterized by injured cells releasing inflammatory chemicals, which causes increased permeability and allows white blood cells and clotting proteins to seep into the injured area. This protects the body from bacteria and loss of blood.
How can one tell the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium?
The most reliable distinctions are two. Compared to stratified squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium has fewer layers (6 or less) and has more rounded surface cells when it is bunched up with more apparent layers and more likely to be mistaken for stratified squamous.
Explain why an infection may occur in a tissue injury.
The skin is the largest organ in the body and protects underlying tissues from injury by preventing the passage of microorganisms. The skin and the mucous membranes are considered the body's first line of defense.
John, a 72-year-old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system?
The sweeping action of the ciliated epithelium is essential in order to propel inhaled dust and other debris out of the respiratory tract. Anything that inhibits this mechanism would allow foreign substances to remain in the tract, which may cause damage. Chemicals such as nicotine may inhibit the action of the cilia, allowing carbon particles found in smoke to reach the lungs.
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue. (T/F)
True
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. (T/F)
True
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium. (T/F)
True
Elastic cartilage tissue is found in the walls of the large arteries that leave the heart. (T/F)
True
Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface. (T/F)
True
Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection. (T/F)
True
Goblet cells are found within pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. (T/F)
True
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. (T/F)
True
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually found in areas where secretion and absorption occur. (T/F)
True
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations. (T/F)
True
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature. (T/F)
True
The role of brown fat is to warm the body; whereas, the role of white fat is to store nutrients. (T/F)
True
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage. (T/F)
True
What is hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair"?
Vellus
Cardiac muscle has _____ regeneration capacity
Virtually no functional regenerative ability
Skeletal muscle has _____ regeneration capacity
Weak regenerative ability
All epithelial tissue rests upon a(n) ________ composed of connective tissue.
basement membrane
Cardiac muscle tissue is uninucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________.
branched
The salivary glands are a good example of a(n) ________ exocrine gland.
compound tubuloaveolar
Areolar connective tissue regenerates...
extremely well
The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________.
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What distinguishes cancer cells from the cells of benign neoplasms?
metastasis and invasiveness
Tendons and ligaments have _____ regeneration capacity
moderate regenerative ability
Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium.
simple cuboidal
The ________ muscle cells are multinucleated due to the fusion of myoblasts.
skeletal
Three to six rows of cells covering a tissue in which the cells may be the same shape from the basement membrane to the surfaces would be ________ epithelia.
transitional