Chapter 4 BIO 260

during the citric cycle, ____ATP molecule(s) is/are produced for each citric acid molecule that goes through the cycle

1

indicate the correct order in which the pathways occur during cellular respiration

1; glycolysis 2; citric acid cycle 3; electron transport chain

place in order the events that occur during DNA replication

1; hydrogen bonds break between complementary bases 2; DNA strands unwind to expose bases 3; complementary nucleotides pair up with exposed bases; hydrogen bonds form 4; nucleotides of new DNA strand are enzymatically joined

place the events occurring during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the correct order

1; substrate binds to active site on enzyme 2; chemical bonds within substrate are altered, reducing energy needed for reaction to occur 3; reaction occurs, resulting in formation of product 4; product is released from active site

place the steps of translation in the correct order, starting with what happens first

1; the ribosome binds mRNA 2; a tRNA anticodon binds to a complementary mRNA codon 3; a new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain 4; the tRNA is released from the ribosome and is now available to pick up another amino acid

glycolysis yields a net of ______ATP molecules

2

how many nucleotide chains are found in a DNA molecule

2

the electrons passed along the electron transport chain combine with _________H+ and an oxygen atom to form water

2

how many DNA nucleotides are in a triplet code, coding for one amino acid

3

within a gene, it is a series of ______ ( a number) nucleotide bases that specifies each amino acid that will be built into a protein

3

complete oxidation of one glucose molecule results in the production of how many ATP molecules

30-32

if one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is

AGTCCGATAAGGGC

how is ATP related to the reactions of cellular respiration

ATP is produced using energy released during cellular respiration

the codon that will signal where to begin making a polypeptide is

AUG

the "genetic code" is contained within the nucleotide sequence of what type of organic molecule

DNA

the genetic code is a system that enables the nucleotides found in _______ to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins

DNA

what occurs during the process of transcription

DNA is copied to produce RNA

with cell division, it is necessary that the process of __________ occur in order to ensure that resulting cells each contain the entire genome

DNA replication

place in the correct location each label describing a step in the process of protein synthesis

DNA strands separate mRNA is produced by transcription mRNA leaves nucleus additional amino acids are added as mRNA is read mRNA is read at ribosome tRNA brings correct amino acids to ribosome

indicate which two molecules are the carrier of high-energy electrons

FAD NAD

indicate which two molecules are the carriers of high-energy electrons

NAD FAD

what are the sources of electrons that enter the elcetron transport chain

NADH and FADH2

what enzyme builds messenger RNA (mRNA) during the process of transcription, forming the bonds between the nucleotides as they are assembled

RNA polymerase

a mutation is

a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology

what is the shape of a DNA molecule

a double helix

what is illustrated in this figure

a metabolic pathway

referring to the figure, match each label to the correct component used during translation

a; amino acid b; transfer RNA (tRNA) c; messenger RNA (mRNA)

when catalyzing a metabolic reaction, the role of an enzyme is to reduce the

activation energy

what is the part of region of an enzyme called that combines with its substrate to form the enzyme-substrate complex

active site

list the nitrogenous bases found in DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

indicate the correct complementary base pairing as it occurs in DNA

adenine; thymine cytosine; guanine

what compound is produced when a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

what is the name of the universal energy-transfer molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

adenosine triphosphate

what molecule ir represented in the figure

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

a peptide bond forms between

adjacent amino acids

during which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced

aerobic pathway

identify the example of oxygen-dependent metabolism that breaks down organic compounds and produces ATP

aerobic respiration

anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration

all of the answer choices are corrects occur in the absence of oxygen break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules transfer energy to ATP molecules

the metabolome include

all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism

microRNAs

all of these answer choices are correct are 21 or 22 bases long control gene expression are noncoding RNAs

during translation, what is delivered by transfer RNA to the ribosomes to be used in protein synthesis

amino acids

what is transported by transfer RNA (tRNA)

amino acids

the type of reaction that require the addition of energy are

anabolic

the suffix-______usually indicates that the named molecule is an enzyme

ase

what is the meaning of the term glycolysis

breaking down glucose

in the citric acid cycle

carbon dioxide is released

decide whether each illustrated reaction shows anabolism or catabolism, then drop each label into the box to the left of the correct reaction

catabolic reaction hydrolysis energy released anabolic reaction dehydration synthesis energy required

list two terms that describe enzymes

catalyst protein

water, CO2 and energy are the end products of what process

cellular respiration

within cells, a metabolic process occurs in which energy from molecules like glucose is released and made available for use by the cells. what is the name of this process

cellular respiration

the term catabolism refers to

chemical reactions that release energy

a three-base sequence is mRNA is called a

codon

DNA profiling

compare the most valuable parts of the genome for a variety of applications

the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the

cytoplasm

the process of protein synthesis occurs in what part of a cell

cytoplasm

name the type of anabolic reaction by which large organic molecules such as glycogen and proteins are produced

dehydration synthesis

the nucleotides forming DNA molecules consists of what three parts

deoxyribose sugar; phosphate group; nitrogenous base

by definition, _______ is the capacity to change something. it is the ability to do work

energy

when a chemical bond is broken, ________ is released

energy

list the three end products of cellular respiration

energy (ATP); carbon dioxide; water

a(n) _______ is considered a catalyst because it accelerates chemical reactions

enzyme

what type of molecule controls the rates of chemical reactions

enzyme

a protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called a(n)

enzymes

the __________- of the electron transport chain are found in the cristae of the mitochondria

enzymes

which three of the following statements describe enzymes

enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze enzymes are specific for a particular substrate enzymes speed up reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction

each individual has her or his own genetic code

false

phospholipids are critical structures in cell membranes and are therefore enzymes

false

true or false: reaction rates along a metabolic pathway are often regulated by positive feedback: as product accumulates, it will inhibit the activity of enzymes early in the pathway, slowing the reaction rate

false

place the names of the pathways of cellular respiration in the correct sequence

first pathway: glycolysis second pathway: citric acid cycle final pathway: electron transport chain

the __________-code is a system that enables nucleotides of DNA to code for amino acid sequence of all proteins

genetic

the ____________ code is a system that enables nucleotides of DNA to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins

genetic

when blood _______ levels are low, glycogen is broken down

glucose

what molecules are required for cellular respiration to occur

glucose and oxygen

as blood glucose levels fall, stored molecules _________are catabolized, releasing glucose into the blood

glycogen

excess glucose molecules are synthesized by liver and muscle cells (and, to a lesser extent, other cell types) into an energy-storing polysaccharide called

glycogen

what molecule is produced using excess glucose present after a meal? this molecule will later be broken down when blood glucose levels drop

glycogen

is a cell was unable to produce pyruvate, this cell may have a mutation in an enzyme in which process

glycolysis

which one of the three phases of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol

glycolysis

which three of these factors can denature an enzyme

heat radiation extremes in pH

if you read this reaction form right to left, the chemical reaction that is illustrated is a _______reaction

hydolysis

in DNA, complementary base pairs are bound together by_____________bonds

hydrogen

in joining two molecules by dehydration synthesis, a(n) _________group is removed from one molecule and a(n)___________ from the other; a new chemical bond then forms between the molecules.

hydrogen (H) hydroxyl (-OH)

in a specific type of chemical reaction called a ________ reaction, water is used to break down large polymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and triglycerides into their subunits

hydrolysis

the reaction called _________ is basically the opposite of dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

a mutation resulting from exposure to a mutagen such as UV radiation is called a(n)_________ mutation

induced

consider the list of substrates, intermediates, and products of cellular respiration. place them in their correct order as they occur during the pathways of cellular respiration

initial substrate: glucose; pyruvic acid; acetyl CoA; citric acid; water final product:

name the cell cycle phase during which DNA replication occurs

interphase

if you were to isolate a molecule containing uracil, all of the following are most likely true except

it contains deoxyribose sugar RIGHT it contains codons that represent amino acids it is single stranded it also contains guanine

during the anaerobic phase of the breakdown of glucose, pyruvic acid is converted to ________-in the absence of oxygen

lactic acid

which of the following describes a catabolic reaction

large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion

match the type of energy with its example

light; detected by sense of vision sound; detected by sense of hearing mechanical energy; used to produce muscle movements chemical energy; stored within bonds of ATP molecules

correctly match the enzyme and its substrate

lipase; lipid protease; protein amylase; starch

indicate which three classes of organic molecules can be metabolized to produce ATP

lipid carbohydrate protein

what kind of RNA carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

mRNA

complete the table listing the differences between DNA and RNA

main location 5-carbon sugar basic molecular structure nitrogenous bases included DNA inside nucleus deoxyribose double-stranded A, C, G, T RNA in cytoplasm ribose single-stranded A, C, G, U

an example of an anabolic reaction is

many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.

a series of chemical reactions called__________ pathways are enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in a specific sequence

metabolic

the term _______refers to all of the chemical reaction occuring in the body, involving the building up of and breaking down of molecules

metabolism

Any change in structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of structure or function in the protein produced, is known as a(n) ______.

mutation

the addition of deletion of nitrogenous bases during replication or transcription results in changes in the DNA sequence. the change in base sequence is called

mutation

DNA is a double helix, with a structure much like a twisted ladder. what forms the "rungs" of the ladder

nitrogenous bases

a genetic mutation occurs due to the addition, subtraction, or exchange of ______________ in the gene's DNA sequence

nucleotides

the basic building blocks of both DNA and RNA are units called

nucleotides

which three items describe translation

occurs at the ribosome adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide involves tRNA and ribosomes

list two characteristics of anaerobic respiration

occurs in the cytoplasm does not require oxygen

ATP can be formed from ADP by the addition of energy and a third

phosphate group

the addition of a phosphate group (P) group to a molecule such as ADP is known as the process of

phosphorylation

list three examples of dehydration synthesis reactions

producing proteins from amino acids producing complex carbohydrates from monosaccharides producing large nucleotides

a gene is a part of the genome that codes for one

protein

the process of dehydration synthesis can build_______by connecting amino acids

protein

during glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken into two of what type of molecule

pyruvic acids

which three statements are true of aerobic reactions of cellular respiration

reactions are oxygen-dependent a product of ATP reactions occur in the mitochondria

a reversible reaction means an enzyme may catalyze the reaction in both directions

reversible

organelles called ___________ are composed of rRNA and proteins

ribosomes

what is an implication of the fact that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

some DNA mutations will not result in a change in amino acid sequence

what does the term catalyze mean

speed up

enzymes are able to interact only with a particular type of molecule, called its

substrate

transcription is called as _______, while translation is ________

synthesizing RNA from DNA; using RNA to make a protein

each codon on a mRNA specifies a particular___________ that will then bind to the mRNA and ribosome, bringing with it the appropriate amino acid

tRNA

indicate one of the high energy bond in an ATP molecule

the bond attaching the third phosphate group

if an E. coli bacterium were to have a protein with the correct amino acid sequence, but not the correct shape, which of the following is a logical explanation for what could be wrong

the chaperone protein associated with protein folding is not functioning

the genetic code is

the correspondence between a sequence of three DNA nucleotides and a specific amino acid.

electrons released during the citric acid cycle are picked up by electron carriers and delivered to _____________.

the electron transport chain

what is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases along a segment of DNA (a gene)

the order of amino acids in a protein

some insecticides, such as chloropyrifos, work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which normally breaks down the neurotransmitters acetylcholine. where does this insecticide most likely bind to inhibit the enzyme's activity

the part of an enzyme that combines with acetylcholine

what is DNA replication

the process of copying DNA

what will happen to the rate of a reaction if the concentration of reactants decreases

the reaction rate will decrease

match the description with the correct term associated with genetic information

the sequence of nucleotide bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein: genetic code segment of DNA that codes for a protein: gene the complete set of genetic instructions for a cell/organism: genome the portion of the entire DNA base sequence that actually codes for protein production: exome

if the DNA sequence ATGCTCAT was found to have the complimentary strand TACGGGTA, which of the following is possible

there was an error during DNA replication

what isan anticodon

three-nucleotide sequence of tRNA

DNA and RNA use different nitrogenous bases. DNA uses________, while RNA doesn't. RNA uses _________, while DNA doesn't

thymine; uracil

the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA is called

transcription

the term ______ refers to the process of synthesizing mRNA within the nucleus of a cell

transcription

proteins called _________activate genes that are needed to synthesize proteins needed by a cell

transcription factors

match each type of nucleic acid with the process(es) is is involved with. labels can be used more than once

transcription: DNA; mRNA translation: mRNA; tRNA; rRNA

building mRNA from the genetic code (DNA base sequence) is the process of ________. producing a protein based on the base-order of an mRNA is the process if __________

transcription; translation

what is the name of the phase of protein synthesis in which the amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain

translation

what type of molecule is formed when glycerol and three fatty acids are substrates for dehydration synthesis

triglyceride

A mutation may occur spontaneously or by exposure to a mutagen

true

All of the genetic information in a cell is a genome

true

Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in a cell

true

a DNA sequence of CGCTTACGATTG would be transcribed into an RNA sequence of GCGAAUGCUAAC

true

a mutation that changes a CGC codon to CGA would not affect health because the encoded amino acid is unchanged

true

oxidation of glucose is important because it releases energy

true

releasing the energy in glucose molecules is an example of catabolism

true

the genetic code is the correspondence between DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of a protein

true

the synthesis of an ATP molecule requires two ADP molecules

true

true or false: it is possible to predict the sequence of one strand of DNA if we know the sequence of the complementary strand

true

what are the products of DNA replication composed of

two DNA molecule, each with one old strand and one new strand

what is produced by the process of DNA replication

two complete DNA molecules; each with one old strand and one new strands

Compared to DNA, RNA contains the nucleotide ____ instead of thymine.

uracil

the meaning of the word roots an- and de- are often confused. the root an-means _______, while the root de- means ________-

without; undoing

a DNA strand complementary to one with a base sequence of ATCGGTCCA will have the sequence

TAGCCAGGT