Chapter 4 BIO 260
during the citric cycle, ____ATP molecule(s) is/are produced for each citric acid molecule that goes through the cycle
1
indicate the correct order in which the pathways occur during cellular respiration
1; glycolysis 2; citric acid cycle 3; electron transport chain
place in order the events that occur during DNA replication
1; hydrogen bonds break between complementary bases 2; DNA strands unwind to expose bases 3; complementary nucleotides pair up with exposed bases; hydrogen bonds form 4; nucleotides of new DNA strand are enzymatically joined
place the events occurring during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the correct order
1; substrate binds to active site on enzyme 2; chemical bonds within substrate are altered, reducing energy needed for reaction to occur 3; reaction occurs, resulting in formation of product 4; product is released from active site
place the steps of translation in the correct order, starting with what happens first
1; the ribosome binds mRNA 2; a tRNA anticodon binds to a complementary mRNA codon 3; a new amino acid is linked to the growing peptide chain 4; the tRNA is released from the ribosome and is now available to pick up another amino acid
glycolysis yields a net of ______ATP molecules
2
how many nucleotide chains are found in a DNA molecule
2
the electrons passed along the electron transport chain combine with _________H+ and an oxygen atom to form water
2
how many DNA nucleotides are in a triplet code, coding for one amino acid
3
within a gene, it is a series of ______ ( a number) nucleotide bases that specifies each amino acid that will be built into a protein
3
complete oxidation of one glucose molecule results in the production of how many ATP molecules
30-32
if one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is
AGTCCGATAAGGGC
how is ATP related to the reactions of cellular respiration
ATP is produced using energy released during cellular respiration
the codon that will signal where to begin making a polypeptide is
AUG
the "genetic code" is contained within the nucleotide sequence of what type of organic molecule
DNA
the genetic code is a system that enables the nucleotides found in _______ to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins
DNA
what occurs during the process of transcription
DNA is copied to produce RNA
with cell division, it is necessary that the process of __________ occur in order to ensure that resulting cells each contain the entire genome
DNA replication
place in the correct location each label describing a step in the process of protein synthesis
DNA strands separate mRNA is produced by transcription mRNA leaves nucleus additional amino acids are added as mRNA is read mRNA is read at ribosome tRNA brings correct amino acids to ribosome
indicate which two molecules are the carrier of high-energy electrons
FAD NAD
indicate which two molecules are the carriers of high-energy electrons
NAD FAD
what are the sources of electrons that enter the elcetron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
what enzyme builds messenger RNA (mRNA) during the process of transcription, forming the bonds between the nucleotides as they are assembled
RNA polymerase
a mutation is
a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology
what is the shape of a DNA molecule
a double helix
what is illustrated in this figure
a metabolic pathway
referring to the figure, match each label to the correct component used during translation
a; amino acid b; transfer RNA (tRNA) c; messenger RNA (mRNA)
when catalyzing a metabolic reaction, the role of an enzyme is to reduce the
activation energy
what is the part of region of an enzyme called that combines with its substrate to form the enzyme-substrate complex
active site
list the nitrogenous bases found in DNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
indicate the correct complementary base pairing as it occurs in DNA
adenine; thymine cytosine; guanine
what compound is produced when a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
what is the name of the universal energy-transfer molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
adenosine triphosphate
what molecule ir represented in the figure
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a peptide bond forms between
adjacent amino acids
during which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced
aerobic pathway
identify the example of oxygen-dependent metabolism that breaks down organic compounds and produces ATP
aerobic respiration
anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration
all of the answer choices are corrects occur in the absence of oxygen break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules transfer energy to ATP molecules
the metabolome include
all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism
microRNAs
all of these answer choices are correct are 21 or 22 bases long control gene expression are noncoding RNAs
during translation, what is delivered by transfer RNA to the ribosomes to be used in protein synthesis
amino acids
what is transported by transfer RNA (tRNA)
amino acids
the type of reaction that require the addition of energy are
anabolic
the suffix-______usually indicates that the named molecule is an enzyme
ase
what is the meaning of the term glycolysis
breaking down glucose
in the citric acid cycle
carbon dioxide is released
decide whether each illustrated reaction shows anabolism or catabolism, then drop each label into the box to the left of the correct reaction
catabolic reaction hydrolysis energy released anabolic reaction dehydration synthesis energy required
list two terms that describe enzymes
catalyst protein
water, CO2 and energy are the end products of what process
cellular respiration
within cells, a metabolic process occurs in which energy from molecules like glucose is released and made available for use by the cells. what is the name of this process
cellular respiration
the term catabolism refers to
chemical reactions that release energy
a three-base sequence is mRNA is called a
codon
DNA profiling
compare the most valuable parts of the genome for a variety of applications
the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the
cytoplasm
the process of protein synthesis occurs in what part of a cell
cytoplasm
name the type of anabolic reaction by which large organic molecules such as glycogen and proteins are produced
dehydration synthesis
the nucleotides forming DNA molecules consists of what three parts
deoxyribose sugar; phosphate group; nitrogenous base
by definition, _______ is the capacity to change something. it is the ability to do work
energy
when a chemical bond is broken, ________ is released
energy
list the three end products of cellular respiration
energy (ATP); carbon dioxide; water
a(n) _______ is considered a catalyst because it accelerates chemical reactions
enzyme
what type of molecule controls the rates of chemical reactions
enzyme
a protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called a(n)
enzymes
the __________- of the electron transport chain are found in the cristae of the mitochondria
enzymes
which three of the following statements describe enzymes
enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze enzymes are specific for a particular substrate enzymes speed up reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction
each individual has her or his own genetic code
false
phospholipids are critical structures in cell membranes and are therefore enzymes
false
true or false: reaction rates along a metabolic pathway are often regulated by positive feedback: as product accumulates, it will inhibit the activity of enzymes early in the pathway, slowing the reaction rate
false
place the names of the pathways of cellular respiration in the correct sequence
first pathway: glycolysis second pathway: citric acid cycle final pathway: electron transport chain
the __________-code is a system that enables nucleotides of DNA to code for amino acid sequence of all proteins
genetic
the ____________ code is a system that enables nucleotides of DNA to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins
genetic
when blood _______ levels are low, glycogen is broken down
glucose
what molecules are required for cellular respiration to occur
glucose and oxygen
as blood glucose levels fall, stored molecules _________are catabolized, releasing glucose into the blood
glycogen
excess glucose molecules are synthesized by liver and muscle cells (and, to a lesser extent, other cell types) into an energy-storing polysaccharide called
glycogen
what molecule is produced using excess glucose present after a meal? this molecule will later be broken down when blood glucose levels drop
glycogen
is a cell was unable to produce pyruvate, this cell may have a mutation in an enzyme in which process
glycolysis
which one of the three phases of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol
glycolysis
which three of these factors can denature an enzyme
heat radiation extremes in pH
if you read this reaction form right to left, the chemical reaction that is illustrated is a _______reaction
hydolysis
in DNA, complementary base pairs are bound together by_____________bonds
hydrogen
in joining two molecules by dehydration synthesis, a(n) _________group is removed from one molecule and a(n)___________ from the other; a new chemical bond then forms between the molecules.
hydrogen (H) hydroxyl (-OH)
in a specific type of chemical reaction called a ________ reaction, water is used to break down large polymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and triglycerides into their subunits
hydrolysis
the reaction called _________ is basically the opposite of dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
a mutation resulting from exposure to a mutagen such as UV radiation is called a(n)_________ mutation
induced
consider the list of substrates, intermediates, and products of cellular respiration. place them in their correct order as they occur during the pathways of cellular respiration
initial substrate: glucose; pyruvic acid; acetyl CoA; citric acid; water final product:
name the cell cycle phase during which DNA replication occurs
interphase
if you were to isolate a molecule containing uracil, all of the following are most likely true except
it contains deoxyribose sugar RIGHT it contains codons that represent amino acids it is single stranded it also contains guanine
during the anaerobic phase of the breakdown of glucose, pyruvic acid is converted to ________-in the absence of oxygen
lactic acid
which of the following describes a catabolic reaction
large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion
match the type of energy with its example
light; detected by sense of vision sound; detected by sense of hearing mechanical energy; used to produce muscle movements chemical energy; stored within bonds of ATP molecules
correctly match the enzyme and its substrate
lipase; lipid protease; protein amylase; starch
indicate which three classes of organic molecules can be metabolized to produce ATP
lipid carbohydrate protein
what kind of RNA carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA
complete the table listing the differences between DNA and RNA
main location 5-carbon sugar basic molecular structure nitrogenous bases included DNA inside nucleus deoxyribose double-stranded A, C, G, T RNA in cytoplasm ribose single-stranded A, C, G, U
an example of an anabolic reaction is
many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.
a series of chemical reactions called__________ pathways are enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in a specific sequence
metabolic
the term _______refers to all of the chemical reaction occuring in the body, involving the building up of and breaking down of molecules
metabolism
Any change in structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of structure or function in the protein produced, is known as a(n) ______.
mutation
the addition of deletion of nitrogenous bases during replication or transcription results in changes in the DNA sequence. the change in base sequence is called
mutation
DNA is a double helix, with a structure much like a twisted ladder. what forms the "rungs" of the ladder
nitrogenous bases
a genetic mutation occurs due to the addition, subtraction, or exchange of ______________ in the gene's DNA sequence
nucleotides
the basic building blocks of both DNA and RNA are units called
nucleotides
which three items describe translation
occurs at the ribosome adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide involves tRNA and ribosomes
list two characteristics of anaerobic respiration
occurs in the cytoplasm does not require oxygen
ATP can be formed from ADP by the addition of energy and a third
phosphate group
the addition of a phosphate group (P) group to a molecule such as ADP is known as the process of
phosphorylation
list three examples of dehydration synthesis reactions
producing proteins from amino acids producing complex carbohydrates from monosaccharides producing large nucleotides
a gene is a part of the genome that codes for one
protein
the process of dehydration synthesis can build_______by connecting amino acids
protein
during glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken into two of what type of molecule
pyruvic acids
which three statements are true of aerobic reactions of cellular respiration
reactions are oxygen-dependent a product of ATP reactions occur in the mitochondria
a reversible reaction means an enzyme may catalyze the reaction in both directions
reversible
organelles called ___________ are composed of rRNA and proteins
ribosomes
what is an implication of the fact that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid
some DNA mutations will not result in a change in amino acid sequence
what does the term catalyze mean
speed up
enzymes are able to interact only with a particular type of molecule, called its
substrate
transcription is called as _______, while translation is ________
synthesizing RNA from DNA; using RNA to make a protein
each codon on a mRNA specifies a particular___________ that will then bind to the mRNA and ribosome, bringing with it the appropriate amino acid
tRNA
indicate one of the high energy bond in an ATP molecule
the bond attaching the third phosphate group
if an E. coli bacterium were to have a protein with the correct amino acid sequence, but not the correct shape, which of the following is a logical explanation for what could be wrong
the chaperone protein associated with protein folding is not functioning
the genetic code is
the correspondence between a sequence of three DNA nucleotides and a specific amino acid.
electrons released during the citric acid cycle are picked up by electron carriers and delivered to _____________.
the electron transport chain
what is determined by the order of nitrogenous bases along a segment of DNA (a gene)
the order of amino acids in a protein
some insecticides, such as chloropyrifos, work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which normally breaks down the neurotransmitters acetylcholine. where does this insecticide most likely bind to inhibit the enzyme's activity
the part of an enzyme that combines with acetylcholine
what is DNA replication
the process of copying DNA
what will happen to the rate of a reaction if the concentration of reactants decreases
the reaction rate will decrease
match the description with the correct term associated with genetic information
the sequence of nucleotide bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein: genetic code segment of DNA that codes for a protein: gene the complete set of genetic instructions for a cell/organism: genome the portion of the entire DNA base sequence that actually codes for protein production: exome
if the DNA sequence ATGCTCAT was found to have the complimentary strand TACGGGTA, which of the following is possible
there was an error during DNA replication
what isan anticodon
three-nucleotide sequence of tRNA
DNA and RNA use different nitrogenous bases. DNA uses________, while RNA doesn't. RNA uses _________, while DNA doesn't
thymine; uracil
the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA is called
transcription
the term ______ refers to the process of synthesizing mRNA within the nucleus of a cell
transcription
proteins called _________activate genes that are needed to synthesize proteins needed by a cell
transcription factors
match each type of nucleic acid with the process(es) is is involved with. labels can be used more than once
transcription: DNA; mRNA translation: mRNA; tRNA; rRNA
building mRNA from the genetic code (DNA base sequence) is the process of ________. producing a protein based on the base-order of an mRNA is the process if __________
transcription; translation
what is the name of the phase of protein synthesis in which the amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain
translation
what type of molecule is formed when glycerol and three fatty acids are substrates for dehydration synthesis
triglyceride
A mutation may occur spontaneously or by exposure to a mutagen
true
All of the genetic information in a cell is a genome
true
Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in a cell
true
a DNA sequence of CGCTTACGATTG would be transcribed into an RNA sequence of GCGAAUGCUAAC
true
a mutation that changes a CGC codon to CGA would not affect health because the encoded amino acid is unchanged
true
oxidation of glucose is important because it releases energy
true
releasing the energy in glucose molecules is an example of catabolism
true
the genetic code is the correspondence between DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of a protein
true
the synthesis of an ATP molecule requires two ADP molecules
true
true or false: it is possible to predict the sequence of one strand of DNA if we know the sequence of the complementary strand
true
what are the products of DNA replication composed of
two DNA molecule, each with one old strand and one new strand
what is produced by the process of DNA replication
two complete DNA molecules; each with one old strand and one new strands
Compared to DNA, RNA contains the nucleotide ____ instead of thymine.
uracil
the meaning of the word roots an- and de- are often confused. the root an-means _______, while the root de- means ________-
without; undoing
a DNA strand complementary to one with a base sequence of ATCGGTCCA will have the sequence
TAGCCAGGT