Chapter 4
Clay told his therapist about a dream he had where he was flying on an airplane, but he was unaware of his destination. Clay's therapist explained that the flying in his dream, in its latent context, represents freedom and independence from his parents; and the unknown destination exemplifies a sense of fear and doubt from no longer having parents as guides. Clay's therapist appears to be using _________ to explain his dream.
a Freudian psychoanalytic interpretation
A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is:
a hypnopompic hallucination
According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.
activation-synthesis hypothesis
The _________ theory of sleep says that sleep is a product of evolution.
adaptive
Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness?
altered
Research, as well as anecdotal reports from many people, suggest that the single best cure for a hangover (the next-day symptoms that result from drinking too much alcohol) is:
drinking fluids and sleep
Night terrors are experienced:
during deep non-REM sleep
Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of:
endorphins
If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the:
manifest content.
Smoking marijuana:
may cause cardiovascular disease in chronic users.
As the sun goes down, Ebony begins to feel sleepy. It is likely that Ebony's sleepiness is the result of an increase in her level of ________.
melatonin
Depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy are called:
narcotics
Jonah is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. Jonah is experiencing:
nightmares
Alcoholism has been linked to
osteoporosis
Evelyn smoked cigarettes when she was younger but had no problem quitting. Though ten years have passed since Evelyn has touched a cigarette, every now and then she gets a strong craving to smoke again. Evelyn's craving is most likely the result of ________.
psychological addiction
Dr. Elmer believes that sleep is needed to replenish the body's natural chemicals lost during daily activity. Dr. Elmer's belief of why we sleep relates most closely to the _______ theory of sleep.
restorative
Carmen stayed up all night studying, getting only about 2 hours of sleep total. While she was able to finish her exam, she was unable to focus, and much of what she had studied the night before seemed to be forgotten. Carmen's inability to remember and to stay focused during her exam is most likely due to _______.
sleep deprivation
In the early stages of sleep, _______ waves appear.
theta
About ___ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.
40
Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.
50; 20
According to research, which of the following individuals might need the least amount of sleep?
67 year-old Roger, who retired two years ago
______________ is characterized by delusions and paranoia.
Amphetamine psychosis
Alcohol stimulates the release of _____, the brain's major depressant.
GABA
________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations.
Hallucinogens
Which of the following is TRUE about the circadian rhythm?
It is a cycle that takes about a day to complete
So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during:
N1 (R Stage 1)
The body is at its lowest level of functioning during:
N3 (R Stages 3 and 4).
Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness?
Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due
The idea that people deprived of REM sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is known as:
REM myth
The minor tranquilizers
are commonly used to treat anxiety
Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our:
biological rhythms
People under hypnosis:
can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session
Both marijuana and hashish contain:
cannabinoids
In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.
cognitive neuroscience
For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?
controlling pain
Insomnia can be helped by:
going to bed only when sleepy
Astor wanted to try marijuana to experience the effects of which of the following class of drugs?
hallucinogen
According to researchers, men tend to:
have more physical aggression in their dreams than women
Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep.
hypnagogic images
When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of:
increased alertness
Jaleel was driving home at 7 o'clock in the morning after working a hard eight-hour shift. Along the drive, he would occasionally find himself drifting off into the oncoming lane, becoming alert just in time to avoid a head-on collision. It appears that Jaleel may have been experiencing _______.
microsleep
Some instances of automobile accidents may have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though (s)he was certain that they had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens?
microsleeps
The higher the body temperature, the _________ people are.
more alert
When a person is slightly sleep deprived, ________ tasks will suffer less than _______ tasks.
more complex; simple
David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from:
narcolepsy
While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______.
narcolepsy
Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. As she tried to get up to see what was going on, she couldn't move. She tried to scream out and couldn't make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced ______.
sleep paralysis during REM sleep
Ecstasy is classified as a:
stimulatory hallucinogenic