Chapter 4

Clay told his therapist about a dream he had where he was flying on an airplane, but he was unaware of his destination. Clay's therapist explained that the flying in his dream, in its latent context, represents freedom and independence from his parents; and the unknown destination exemplifies a sense of fear and doubt from no longer having parents as guides. Clay's therapist appears to be using _________ to explain his dream.

a Freudian psychoanalytic interpretation

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is:

a hypnopompic hallucination

According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

The _________ theory of sleep says that sleep is a product of evolution.

adaptive

Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness?

altered

Research, as well as anecdotal reports from many people, suggest that the single best cure for a hangover (the next-day symptoms that result from drinking too much alcohol) is:

drinking fluids and sleep

Night terrors are experienced:

during deep non-REM sleep

Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of:

endorphins

If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the:

manifest content.

Smoking marijuana:

may cause cardiovascular disease in chronic users.

As the sun goes down, Ebony begins to feel sleepy. It is likely that Ebony's sleepiness is the result of an increase in her level of ________.

melatonin

Depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy are called:

narcotics

Jonah is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. Jonah is experiencing:

nightmares

Alcoholism has been linked to

osteoporosis

Evelyn smoked cigarettes when she was younger but had no problem quitting. Though ten years have passed since Evelyn has touched a cigarette, every now and then she gets a strong craving to smoke again. Evelyn's craving is most likely the result of ________.

psychological addiction

Dr. Elmer believes that sleep is needed to replenish the body's natural chemicals lost during daily activity. Dr. Elmer's belief of why we sleep relates most closely to the _______ theory of sleep.

restorative

Carmen stayed up all night studying, getting only about 2 hours of sleep total. While she was able to finish her exam, she was unable to focus, and much of what she had studied the night before seemed to be forgotten. Carmen's inability to remember and to stay focused during her exam is most likely due to _______.

sleep deprivation

In the early stages of sleep, _______ waves appear.

theta

About ___ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.

40

Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

50; 20

According to research, which of the following individuals might need the least amount of sleep?

67 year-old Roger, who retired two years ago

______________ is characterized by delusions and paranoia.

Amphetamine psychosis

Alcohol stimulates the release of _____, the brain's major depressant.

GABA

________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations.

Hallucinogens

Which of the following is TRUE about the circadian rhythm?

It is a cycle that takes about a day to complete

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during:

N1 (R Stage 1)

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during:

N3 (R Stages 3 and 4).

Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness?

Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due

The idea that people deprived of REM sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is known as:

REM myth

The minor tranquilizers

are commonly used to treat anxiety

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our:

biological rhythms

People under hypnosis:

can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session

Both marijuana and hashish contain:

cannabinoids

In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.

cognitive neuroscience

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

controlling pain

Insomnia can be helped by:

going to bed only when sleepy

Astor wanted to try marijuana to experience the effects of which of the following class of drugs?

hallucinogen

According to researchers, men tend to:

have more physical aggression in their dreams than women

Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep.

hypnagogic images

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of:

increased alertness

Jaleel was driving home at 7 o'clock in the morning after working a hard eight-hour shift. Along the drive, he would occasionally find himself drifting off into the oncoming lane, becoming alert just in time to avoid a head-on collision. It appears that Jaleel may have been experiencing _______.

microsleep

Some instances of automobile accidents may have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though (s)he was certain that they had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens?

microsleeps

The higher the body temperature, the _________ people are.

more alert

When a person is slightly sleep deprived, ________ tasks will suffer less than _______ tasks.

more complex; simple

David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from:

narcolepsy

While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______.

narcolepsy

Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. As she tried to get up to see what was going on, she couldn't move. She tried to scream out and couldn't make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced ______.

sleep paralysis during REM sleep

Ecstasy is classified as a:

stimulatory hallucinogenic