Chapter 4 - Learning & Transfer of Training

According to the information processing model, identify the external events that influence an individual's learning. (Check all that apply.)

-Variations in the frequency or intensity of a stimulus that impact attention -Informing the learner of the objectives to establish an expectation -Enhancing perceptual features of a stimulus, drawing the learners' attention to certain features

___ refers to perceptions of trainees regarding the characteristics of the work environment that inhibit or facilitate the application of trained capabilities.

Climate for transfer

Cognitive strategies

Determine the processes of learning

Which of the following activities are involved in training administration in an organization?

Enrolling the employees in courses and programs Preparing pretraining materials Informing the employees about courses and programs

Identify the learning process that includes willingness to attend a training and an ability to interpret the purpose and likely benefits of the instruction on the job.

Expectancy

Which of the following learning theories suggests that learning and transfer of training are enhanced when they are linked to outcomes and that learning is most likely to occur when employees believe that they can learn the content of a program?

Expectancy theory

In the context of reinforcement theory, the process of withdrawing positive or negative reinforcers to eliminate a behavior is known as _____.

Extinction

According to goal setting theory, identify an accurate statement about goals.

Goals affect individuals behavior and motivate them to develop strategies for the attainment of goals

Which of the following forms of instructional interactions includes reading content in books or on the Internet, performing activities that involve tool or object manipulation, and developing content on the basis of learned information?

Learner-content interaction

Attention (social learning theory)

Learners must focus on the skills or behaviors they should observe

Motor reproduction (social learning theory)

Learners must have the capability of performing the observed behaviors

Retention (social learning theory)

Learners must not forget the observed skills or behaviors

Motivational processes (social learning theory)

Learners tend to adopt a modeled behavior with positive outcomes

In the context of transfer of training, the process of trainees continuing to use what they learned over time is known as _____.

Maintenance

TRUE OR FALSE: It is advisable to incorporate either whole or part practice in a training session.

Reason: This is false. It is probably best to employ both whole and part practice in a training session. Trainees should have the opportunity to practice individual skills or behaviors. If the skills or behaviors introduced in training are related to one another, the trainee should demonstrate all of them in a practice session after they have been practiced individually.

The cognitive theory of transfer suggests that transfer of training depends upon the ability of trainees to _____.

Recall learned capabilities

Learning Orientation

Refers to attempting to increase one's ability or competence in a task

Performance Orientation

Refers to individuals who concentrate on task execution and how they compare to others

Which of the following is the simplest learning strategy that influences how training content is coded?

Rehearsal

Medidoc Co., a pharmaceutical company, intends to incorporate the adult learning theory in their training program for their sales representatives. The training program developed would _____.

Provide the trainees case studies of previously successful products to review

In the context of employee training, ______ emphasizes that trainers should identify outcomes that learners find most positive (and negative) and then should link the outcomes to acquiring knowledge, skills, or changing behaviors of the learners.

Reinforcement theory

Which of the following theories of learning emphasizes that individuals are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors?

Reinforcement theory

Identify the theory which suggests that individuals learn new behaviors or skills either by experiencing the outcomes of their own behavior or by observing the outcomes of others' behavior.

Social learning theory

From a training perspective, goal setting theory suggests that _____.

Specific, challenging goals should be provided to facilitate learning among trainees

Which of the following is included in internal conditions that are necessary for learning outcomes?

Storage of information in memory

Generalizing

The ability to apply learning in similar but not identical situations

Perception

The ability to organize the message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon

Gratifying

The feedback that a learner receives as a result of using learning content

self-regulation

The learner's involvement with the training material and checking their progress toward learning

Retrieval

The process of identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance

Working storage

The process that allows material to be coded for memory through rehearsal and repetition of information

Which of the following theories suggests that transfer of training is easy when the training environment and the job environment are similar?

The theory of identical elements

Identify an accurate statement about the objectives of training programs that facilitate learning among employees.

They help identify the types of training outcomes that are measured to determine the effectiveness of a program.

Which of the following statements is true about communities of practice (COPs)?

They hold that learning occurs due to social interaction on the job.

From a training perspective, what do need theories suggest to motivate learning among trainees?

Trainers should relate the content of the training program with trainees' needs

To create long-term memory in employees, training programs must__________.

be explicit on content and elaborate about details

Learning Cycle

concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation

The learning environment processes that facilitate learning are known as...

external conditions

The theory that suggests that individuals' conscious objectives and intentions lead to a desired behavior is _____ theory.

goal setting

___________ is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.

is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.

Conditions in which trainees practice a task without resting are known as __________ conditions.

massed practice

The ability of trainees to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work environment is known as _____.

near transfer

The purpose and expected outcome of training activities is known as the ______.

objective

An individual's attempt to control certain aspects of his or her decision making and behavior is known as ___________.

self-management

The process of coordinating activities before, during, and after a training program is referred to as

training administration

Metacognition

Individual control over one's thought process

Identify the learning theory that is the basis for the cognitive theory of transfer.

Information processing theory

______ refers to the manipulation of the environment by a trainer to facilitate learning among trainees.

Instruction

Identify an accurate statement about practice that contributes to trainees' learning.

It requires employees to demonstrate the learned capability based on training objectives.

The ability of trainees to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work environment is known as _____.

Near transfer

Which of the following theories is relevant to ensure the occurrence of near transfer of training?

Identical elements theory

Attitudes

Include beliefs and feelings that cause an individual to behave in a particular manner

Intellectual skills

Include concepts and rules that are used to solve problems, create products, and serve customers

Motor skills

Include coordination of physical movements

Social learning theory holds that _____.

Individuals learn by observing the behavior of their role models

What can trainers do to enhance trainees' motivation to learn before practice? (Check all that apply.)

Inform trainees about the process or strategy furnishing advanced organizers to help trainees organize the information that will be emphasized by training

True or false: Instruction is not essential for transfer of training.

False Reason: This is false. It is important to include different forms of instruction in training to provide trainees with the best chance to learn.

Learning

A relatively lasting change in human capabilities that are independent of growth processes

Winlife Hospital plans to train its emergency medical professionals to handle road accident cases. It decides to use the identical elements theory in its training. The training would involve _____.

A simulation of the road accident scenario

Closed Skills

Objectives of a training that focus on specific skills that are identical to the skills required on the job

Which of the following are included in task characteristics that along with the frequency of practice influence learning?

Overall task complexity Mental requirements Physical requirements

_________ is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.

Part Practice

__________ is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.

Part practice

The mental or physical rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge is called

Practice

Open skills

Objectives of a training that focus on general learning principles

Expectancy

The mental state that a learner brings to the instructional process

Which of the following theories of learning emphasizes that individuals are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors?

The reinforcement theory

Feedback in a training program should...

emphasize specific behaviors of trainees

Arrange the stages involved in the learning cycle in ascending order.

1. Concrete experience 2. Reflective observation 3. Abstract conceptualization 4. Active experimentation

Identify the needs emphasized by David McClelland's need theory.

Achievement, Affiliation, Power

Which of the following stages of the learning cycle helps learners understand the outcome and begin the learning process again?

Active experimentation

Identify an assumption of Malcolm Knowles's model of adult learning.

Adults need to know the reasons behind learning something

Transfer of learning

An effective and continuous application of knowledge gained in a training by trainees to their jobs

Groups of employees who work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work done are known as __________

Communities of practice

Arrange the processes involved in learning as suggested by social learning theory in ascending order

Attention —> Retention —> Motor Reproduction —> Motivational Processes

Which of the following learning strategies is most appropriate for skill application?

Elaboration

According to the stimulus generalization approach, the likelihood of transfer of training depends upon the _____.

Emphasis on broad principles

According to the stimulus generalization approach, the likelihood of transfer of training depends upon the _____. Multiple choice question.

Emphasis on broad principles

__________ ___________ training is the process of providing trainees opportunities to commit errors during training.

Error management

True or false: Managers should avoid using learning benefits to reinforce employee behavior.

False, according to the reinforcement theory, trainers can withhold or provide learning benefits to learners who master program content. The effectiveness of learning depends on the pattern or schedule for providing the identified reinforcers or benefits.

Trainees' ability to apply general principles learned in training to the work situation even though the work situation is not identical to that of the training session is known as

Far transfer

Which of the following provides information about how well trainees are fulfilling the objectives of the training?

Feedback

In the context of transfer of training, _____ is the ability of trainees to apply the knowledge gained in training to on-the job work problems and situations that are not exactly the same as the problems and situations faced during the training program.

Generalization

Goal orientation

Goals held by a trainee in a learning situation

Which of the following help employees commit training content to memory? (Check all that apply.)

Helping the employees comprehend how they learn Emphasizing important points and eliminating irrelevant content

Learner-instructor interaction

Is best when a task needs in-depth exploration, critical analysis, and thinking

Learner-content interaction

Is required when a task is completed alone

Learner-learner interaction

Is required when a task needs to be completed in a group

Rehearsal

It emphasizes memorization.

Elaboration

It expects trainees to associate their knowledge, skills, or behaviors with the training material.

Identify an accurate statement about error management training.

It facilitates transfer of training.

Organizing

It focuses on finding similarities and themes in the training content.

Expectancy

It refers to beliefs about the link between attempting to perform a behavior and actually performing well

Expectancy Theory

It refers to beliefs about the link between attempting to perform a behavior and actually performing well.

Instrumentality

It refers to the belief that performing a particular behavior is associated with a particular outcome

Valence

It refers to the importance that the individual places on a particular outcome

Identify an accurate statement about the information processing theory of learning.

It suggests that information in the human brain undergoes several transformations

______________ occur when employees continue applying previously learned, less effective capabilities rather than using the newly acquired capabilities in a training program.

Lapses

In the context of learning and transfer of training, which of the following are involved in the process of self-management

Monitoring the application of learned capabilities to the job Setting goals for utilizing learned capabilities

In the context of employee training, _____ emphasizes that trainers should identify outcomes that learners find most positive (and negative) and then should link the outcomes to acquiring knowledge, skills, or changing behaviors of the learners.

Reinforcement theory

In a training environment, employees are most likely to learn when the ________ _________, the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs, is similar to the work environment.

Training context

True or false: In comparison to learners with a performance orientation, learners with a high learning orientation will direct greater attention to a task.

True Reason: This is true. Learners with a high learning orientation will direct greater attention to tasks and learn for the sake of learning, as opposed to learners with a performance orientation. Learners with a performance orientation will direct more attention to performing well and less effort to learning.

Distinguish between Abraham Maslow's and Clayton Alderfer's need theories.

Unlike Maslow, Alderfer believed that individuals tend to refocus on lower-level needs if higher-level needs are not satisfied

Which of the following learning outcomes of an effective training is concerned with names or labels, facts, and bodies of knowledge?

Verbal information

Identify the situations when transfer of training is more likely to be easy

When tasks included in a training are similar to the work environment

When are employees most likely to learn from a training program?

When the training is related to their current work experiences and tasks

Instrumentality Theory

t refers to the belief that performing a particular behavior is associated with a particular outcome.