Chapter 4 - Learning & Transfer of Training
According to the information processing model, identify the external events that influence an individual's learning. (Check all that apply.)
-Variations in the frequency or intensity of a stimulus that impact attention -Informing the learner of the objectives to establish an expectation -Enhancing perceptual features of a stimulus, drawing the learners' attention to certain features
___ refers to perceptions of trainees regarding the characteristics of the work environment that inhibit or facilitate the application of trained capabilities.
Climate for transfer
Cognitive strategies
Determine the processes of learning
Which of the following activities are involved in training administration in an organization?
Enrolling the employees in courses and programs Preparing pretraining materials Informing the employees about courses and programs
Identify the learning process that includes willingness to attend a training and an ability to interpret the purpose and likely benefits of the instruction on the job.
Expectancy
Which of the following learning theories suggests that learning and transfer of training are enhanced when they are linked to outcomes and that learning is most likely to occur when employees believe that they can learn the content of a program?
Expectancy theory
In the context of reinforcement theory, the process of withdrawing positive or negative reinforcers to eliminate a behavior is known as _____.
Extinction
According to goal setting theory, identify an accurate statement about goals.
Goals affect individuals behavior and motivate them to develop strategies for the attainment of goals
Which of the following forms of instructional interactions includes reading content in books or on the Internet, performing activities that involve tool or object manipulation, and developing content on the basis of learned information?
Learner-content interaction
Attention (social learning theory)
Learners must focus on the skills or behaviors they should observe
Motor reproduction (social learning theory)
Learners must have the capability of performing the observed behaviors
Retention (social learning theory)
Learners must not forget the observed skills or behaviors
Motivational processes (social learning theory)
Learners tend to adopt a modeled behavior with positive outcomes
In the context of transfer of training, the process of trainees continuing to use what they learned over time is known as _____.
Maintenance
TRUE OR FALSE: It is advisable to incorporate either whole or part practice in a training session.
Reason: This is false. It is probably best to employ both whole and part practice in a training session. Trainees should have the opportunity to practice individual skills or behaviors. If the skills or behaviors introduced in training are related to one another, the trainee should demonstrate all of them in a practice session after they have been practiced individually.
The cognitive theory of transfer suggests that transfer of training depends upon the ability of trainees to _____.
Recall learned capabilities
Learning Orientation
Refers to attempting to increase one's ability or competence in a task
Performance Orientation
Refers to individuals who concentrate on task execution and how they compare to others
Which of the following is the simplest learning strategy that influences how training content is coded?
Rehearsal
Medidoc Co., a pharmaceutical company, intends to incorporate the adult learning theory in their training program for their sales representatives. The training program developed would _____.
Provide the trainees case studies of previously successful products to review
In the context of employee training, ______ emphasizes that trainers should identify outcomes that learners find most positive (and negative) and then should link the outcomes to acquiring knowledge, skills, or changing behaviors of the learners.
Reinforcement theory
Which of the following theories of learning emphasizes that individuals are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors?
Reinforcement theory
Identify the theory which suggests that individuals learn new behaviors or skills either by experiencing the outcomes of their own behavior or by observing the outcomes of others' behavior.
Social learning theory
From a training perspective, goal setting theory suggests that _____.
Specific, challenging goals should be provided to facilitate learning among trainees
Which of the following is included in internal conditions that are necessary for learning outcomes?
Storage of information in memory
Generalizing
The ability to apply learning in similar but not identical situations
Perception
The ability to organize the message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon
Gratifying
The feedback that a learner receives as a result of using learning content
self-regulation
The learner's involvement with the training material and checking their progress toward learning
Retrieval
The process of identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance
Working storage
The process that allows material to be coded for memory through rehearsal and repetition of information
Which of the following theories suggests that transfer of training is easy when the training environment and the job environment are similar?
The theory of identical elements
Identify an accurate statement about the objectives of training programs that facilitate learning among employees.
They help identify the types of training outcomes that are measured to determine the effectiveness of a program.
Which of the following statements is true about communities of practice (COPs)?
They hold that learning occurs due to social interaction on the job.
From a training perspective, what do need theories suggest to motivate learning among trainees?
Trainers should relate the content of the training program with trainees' needs
To create long-term memory in employees, training programs must__________.
be explicit on content and elaborate about details
Learning Cycle
concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation
The learning environment processes that facilitate learning are known as...
external conditions
The theory that suggests that individuals' conscious objectives and intentions lead to a desired behavior is _____ theory.
goal setting
___________ is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.
is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.
Conditions in which trainees practice a task without resting are known as __________ conditions.
massed practice
The ability of trainees to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work environment is known as _____.
near transfer
The purpose and expected outcome of training activities is known as the ______.
objective
An individual's attempt to control certain aspects of his or her decision making and behavior is known as ___________.
self-management
The process of coordinating activities before, during, and after a training program is referred to as
training administration
Metacognition
Individual control over one's thought process
Identify the learning theory that is the basis for the cognitive theory of transfer.
Information processing theory
______ refers to the manipulation of the environment by a trainer to facilitate learning among trainees.
Instruction
Identify an accurate statement about practice that contributes to trainees' learning.
It requires employees to demonstrate the learned capability based on training objectives.
The ability of trainees to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work environment is known as _____.
Near transfer
Which of the following theories is relevant to ensure the occurrence of near transfer of training?
Identical elements theory
Attitudes
Include beliefs and feelings that cause an individual to behave in a particular manner
Intellectual skills
Include concepts and rules that are used to solve problems, create products, and serve customers
Motor skills
Include coordination of physical movements
Social learning theory holds that _____.
Individuals learn by observing the behavior of their role models
What can trainers do to enhance trainees' motivation to learn before practice? (Check all that apply.)
Inform trainees about the process or strategy furnishing advanced organizers to help trainees organize the information that will be emphasized by training
True or false: Instruction is not essential for transfer of training.
False Reason: This is false. It is important to include different forms of instruction in training to provide trainees with the best chance to learn.
Learning
A relatively lasting change in human capabilities that are independent of growth processes
Winlife Hospital plans to train its emergency medical professionals to handle road accident cases. It decides to use the identical elements theory in its training. The training would involve _____.
A simulation of the road accident scenario
Closed Skills
Objectives of a training that focus on specific skills that are identical to the skills required on the job
Which of the following are included in task characteristics that along with the frequency of practice influence learning?
Overall task complexity Mental requirements Physical requirements
_________ is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.
Part Practice
__________ is the practice in which a task or objective is carried out individually within a training program.
Part practice
The mental or physical rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge is called
Practice
Open skills
Objectives of a training that focus on general learning principles
Expectancy
The mental state that a learner brings to the instructional process
Which of the following theories of learning emphasizes that individuals are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors?
The reinforcement theory
Feedback in a training program should...
emphasize specific behaviors of trainees
Arrange the stages involved in the learning cycle in ascending order.
1. Concrete experience 2. Reflective observation 3. Abstract conceptualization 4. Active experimentation
Identify the needs emphasized by David McClelland's need theory.
Achievement, Affiliation, Power
Which of the following stages of the learning cycle helps learners understand the outcome and begin the learning process again?
Active experimentation
Identify an assumption of Malcolm Knowles's model of adult learning.
Adults need to know the reasons behind learning something
Transfer of learning
An effective and continuous application of knowledge gained in a training by trainees to their jobs
Groups of employees who work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work done are known as __________
Communities of practice
Arrange the processes involved in learning as suggested by social learning theory in ascending order
Attention —> Retention —> Motor Reproduction —> Motivational Processes
Which of the following learning strategies is most appropriate for skill application?
Elaboration
According to the stimulus generalization approach, the likelihood of transfer of training depends upon the _____.
Emphasis on broad principles
According to the stimulus generalization approach, the likelihood of transfer of training depends upon the _____. Multiple choice question.
Emphasis on broad principles
__________ ___________ training is the process of providing trainees opportunities to commit errors during training.
Error management
True or false: Managers should avoid using learning benefits to reinforce employee behavior.
False, according to the reinforcement theory, trainers can withhold or provide learning benefits to learners who master program content. The effectiveness of learning depends on the pattern or schedule for providing the identified reinforcers or benefits.
Trainees' ability to apply general principles learned in training to the work situation even though the work situation is not identical to that of the training session is known as
Far transfer
Which of the following provides information about how well trainees are fulfilling the objectives of the training?
Feedback
In the context of transfer of training, _____ is the ability of trainees to apply the knowledge gained in training to on-the job work problems and situations that are not exactly the same as the problems and situations faced during the training program.
Generalization
Goal orientation
Goals held by a trainee in a learning situation
Which of the following help employees commit training content to memory? (Check all that apply.)
Helping the employees comprehend how they learn Emphasizing important points and eliminating irrelevant content
Learner-instructor interaction
Is best when a task needs in-depth exploration, critical analysis, and thinking
Learner-content interaction
Is required when a task is completed alone
Learner-learner interaction
Is required when a task needs to be completed in a group
Rehearsal
It emphasizes memorization.
Elaboration
It expects trainees to associate their knowledge, skills, or behaviors with the training material.
Identify an accurate statement about error management training.
It facilitates transfer of training.
Organizing
It focuses on finding similarities and themes in the training content.
Expectancy
It refers to beliefs about the link between attempting to perform a behavior and actually performing well
Expectancy Theory
It refers to beliefs about the link between attempting to perform a behavior and actually performing well.
Instrumentality
It refers to the belief that performing a particular behavior is associated with a particular outcome
Valence
It refers to the importance that the individual places on a particular outcome
Identify an accurate statement about the information processing theory of learning.
It suggests that information in the human brain undergoes several transformations
______________ occur when employees continue applying previously learned, less effective capabilities rather than using the newly acquired capabilities in a training program.
Lapses
In the context of learning and transfer of training, which of the following are involved in the process of self-management
Monitoring the application of learned capabilities to the job Setting goals for utilizing learned capabilities
In the context of employee training, _____ emphasizes that trainers should identify outcomes that learners find most positive (and negative) and then should link the outcomes to acquiring knowledge, skills, or changing behaviors of the learners.
Reinforcement theory
In a training environment, employees are most likely to learn when the ________ _________, the physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs, is similar to the work environment.
Training context
True or false: In comparison to learners with a performance orientation, learners with a high learning orientation will direct greater attention to a task.
True Reason: This is true. Learners with a high learning orientation will direct greater attention to tasks and learn for the sake of learning, as opposed to learners with a performance orientation. Learners with a performance orientation will direct more attention to performing well and less effort to learning.
Distinguish between Abraham Maslow's and Clayton Alderfer's need theories.
Unlike Maslow, Alderfer believed that individuals tend to refocus on lower-level needs if higher-level needs are not satisfied
Which of the following learning outcomes of an effective training is concerned with names or labels, facts, and bodies of knowledge?
Verbal information
Identify the situations when transfer of training is more likely to be easy
When tasks included in a training are similar to the work environment
When are employees most likely to learn from a training program?
When the training is related to their current work experiences and tasks
Instrumentality Theory
t refers to the belief that performing a particular behavior is associated with a particular outcome.