Chapter 4 Microprocessors

How does the CPU works.

"CPU" goes to the "address bus" to the "northbridge" than to the "Memory Bus" and than to the "RAM".

What is considered the Frontside Bus

- Address bus - External data bus Connecting the CPU, MCC, and RAM

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- Also known as microprocessor - the CPU-on-a-chip is made more powerfull (faster, parallel execution, fast execution of complex instructions like divide and transcendentals), a cache is added, more CPU's are combined in one chip, etc. - This results in the (mainly Intel) super-microprocessors of today.

Quantities of Bits

- Any individual 1 or 0 = a bit - 4 bits= a nibble - 8 bits= a byte - 16 bits = a word - 32 bits= a double word - 64 bits= a paragraph or quad word

Can you tell me what causes temperature of CPU to rise?

- Check to see if the fan is spinning - if the fan is spinning hold the fan very lightly with a soft object and stop the fan from spinning and if the fan doesn't spin again than there is something wrong with the fan. - to much dust can stop the fan from working - to much thermal paste can cause the fan from stop working also

Engineers have altered, enhanced, and improved CPUs in a number of ways, please see the 8 Listed

- Clock multipliers - 64-Bit processing - Virtualization support - Parallel execution - Multicore progressing - Integrated memory controller (IMC) - Integrated graphics processing unit (GPU) - Security

Example of Central Processing Unit (CPU) make and model.

- Intel Core i7 - AMD FX-8350 Black Edition

Instruction Set

- Load add a number from RAM into CPU - Add two number together - Store a number from CPU back out RAM - Compare one number with another - Jump IF Condition to another address in RAM - OUTPut to a device such as monitor - INPut from a device such as keyboard

Pin Grid Array (PGA) Socket Type

- Pins on processor Short for Pin Grid Array, PGA is a chip where the connecting pins are located on the bottom. As can be seen in the picture, the bottom of the processor chip in this example is covered by several pins, each of these pins are plugged into a socket on a circuit board.

CPU has 2 Kinds of Modes

- Real mode (cannot Multi task or no multi tasking in hardware) - Protected Mode (CAN Multi task or multi tasking virtual memory, memory paging)

Low Insertion Force Socket (LIF)??

- Snap in Short for Low-Insert Force, LIF sockets are sockets commonly used for early generation computer processors. The LIF socket does not contain an arm like that used in a ZIF socket and requires a special tool to remove the processor or chip in the LIF socket.

Zero Insertion Force Socket (ZIF)??

- Uses lever Short for Zero Insertion Force socket, the ZIF socket was designed by Intel and included a small lever to insert and remove the computer processor. Using the lever allows you to add and remove a computer processor without any tools and requires no force (zero force). All processor sockets from the Socket 2 and higher have been a ZIF socket design. The picture shows an Intel OverDrive socket and an example of a ZIF socket.

Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) also known as Proprietary crash screens

- Widows calls Stop Error - Mac OS X you will see Pin wheel that won't go away.

Clock cycle

- a single charge to the CLK wire is called clock cycle. The speed of a computer processor, or CPU, is determined by the clock cycle, which is the amount of time between two pulses of an oscillator. Generally speaking, the higher number of pulses per second, the faster the computer processor will be able to process information. The clock speed is measured in Hz, typically either megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). For example, a 4 GHz processor performs 4,000,000,000 clock cycles per second. Computer processors can execute one or more instructions per clock cycle, depending on the type of processor. Early computer processors and slower CPUs can only execute one instruction per clock cycle, but modern processors can execute multiple instructions per clock cycle.

Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) & Registers

- add - subtract - multiply - and - or

Program Flow

- branch - breq - Brne

There are several steps involved in replacing the cooling solutions of the CPO

- insert processor: ensure that the process of snuggly into into the socket. - add thin layer of thermal paste: thermal pace will make the conduction of the heat between the processor and the heat sink more efficient. Make sure to use on a thin layer, a thick layer just rubs the conductive process. - add and secure heat sink: make sure that the heat sink is firmly installed onto the processor. Do not force the heat sink into place. - add and secure fan: The fan may ready be already attached to the heat sink. If not you may wish to add this now. (In some cases it may be easier to add the fan to the hit sink prior to installing the heat sink.

Parallel Execution?

- modern CPUs can progress multiple commands and parts of commands in parallel which is known as parallel execution.

Troubleshooting CPU falls into two categories

- overheating - catastrophic failure With overheating being fat more common than the latter.

Bus Speed???

- speed of the bus

Machine Language

- the commands are called microprocessors Sometimes referred to as machine code or object code, machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the only language a computer is capable of understanding. The exact machine language for a program or action can differ by operating system on the computer. The specific operating system will dictate how a compiler writes a program or action into machine language. Computer programs are written in one or more programming languages, like C++, Java, or Visual Basic. A computer cannot directly understand the programming languages used to create computer programs, so the program code must be compiled. Once a program's code is compiled, the computer can understand it because the program's code has been turned into machine language.

Registers

- where you temporarily store information refer to how much information a processor can work on at once, as well as how that information moves within the chip. Instructions are allowed to flow at a rate that is as large as the register size, which is either 16, 32, or 64-bits wide. As you can probably intuit, registers can only handle data that are smaller than their bit size. For example, if a program is designed to process 64-bit instructions, a processor with a 32-bit register would not be able to run that program.

Land Grid Array (LGA) Socket Type

-Pins (contracts) on the socket (i.e.775) Short for Land Grid Array, LGA is the interface used to connect Intel Pentium 4 processors and AMD Opteron to the computer motherboard. -Intel LGA 1155 (H2) -Intel LGA 1156 (H)

Dual in-line package (DIP)

-Short for Dual In-line Package, a DIP is a chip encased in hard plastic with pins running along the outside. The picture is an example of a DIP found on a computer motherboard that has been soldered into place. Below is an illustration of a comparison between a DIP and a SIP not connected to a circuit board. - A dip may refer to a voltage drop.

Bits means

1 and 0

Hertz Details

1 hertz (1Hz)=1 cycle per second 1 megahertz (1MHz)=1 million cycles per second 1 gigahertz (1GHz)=1 billion cycles per second

CPU takes at least 4 Steps

1. Fetch- Get the data from the EDB 2. Decode- Figure our what type of command needs to be executed 3. Execute- Perform the calculation 4. Write- send the data back onto the EDB

You tell teh CPU to add 2+3???

1. Place 10000000 EDB. On the external data bus (EDB) 2. Place 00000010 on the EDB 3. Place 10010000 on the EDB 4. Place 00000011 on the EDB. 5. Place 10110000 on the EDB. 6. Place 11000000 on the EDB When you finish step 6, the value on the EDB will be 00000101, the decimal number 5 written in binary. Congrats! You added 2+3 by using individual commands from the codebook. This set of commands is known as a program.

Honestly I need to address one face with a CPU installation problem

1. Too much thermal paste can impede the flow the heat from the CPU to the heat sink and cause the CPU to heat up properly. All modern CPU have built in fail safe at tell them to shut down before getting damaged by heat. 2. Not enough pays or thermal paste bread and evil and can cause the CPU to heat up and consequently shut it self down. 3. Failure to connect the fan power to the motherboard and cause the CPU to heat up and shut it down.

Thread

1. With respect to computer programming, a thread is a portion of code that may be executed independently of the main program. For example, a program may have an open thread waiting for a specific event to occur or running a separate job, allowing the main program to perform other tasks. A program is capable of having multiple threads open at once and will either terminate or suspend them after a task is completed, or the program is closed. 2. When referring to a computer forum, a thread consists of an original message or post and each of its corresponding responses. For example, in a newsgroup or message board, a user may post a question relating to computers; each of the replies relating to the original message are a single thread. Below is an illustration to help give you a better idea of how a thread looks.

Power Voltage in America is

120v AC

PCIe power connector

12V, 6 or 8-pin power plug used for the newest types of local bus expansion slots

Intel 8088 was invented

1970s

CPU power connector

2 four pin CPU power connectors.

2.66 GHz

2.66 billion cycles per second

Address Bus gradually increases in size

20 to 24 to 32-bits wide

Also known as 24 Motherboard Connector

20+4 pin=24 pin, has two parts. Has a 4 part that can disconnect.

CPU requires how many cycles

4 click cycles to process a demand. In every clock cycle, three of the four circuits sat idle.

ATX12V

4 pin power connector for a cpu.

When do you know that the CPU is overheating in temperature ?

60 Celsius

x64 bit processor

64-bit computing is the use of processors that have datapath widths, integer size, and memory address widths of 64 bits (eight octets). Also, 64-bit computer architectures for central processing units (CPUs) and arithmetic logic units (ALUs) are those that are based on processor registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. From the software perspective, 64-bit computing means the use of code with 64-bit virtual memory addresses. However, not all 64-bit instruction sets support full 64-bit virtual memory addresses; x86-64 and ARMv8, for example, support only 48 bits of virtual address, with the remaining 16 bits of the virtual address required to be all 0's or all 1's, and several 64-bit instruction sets support fewer than 64 bits of physical memory address. The term 64-bit describes a generation of computers in which 64-bit processors are the norm. 64 bits is a word size that defines certain classes of computer architecture, buses, memory and CPUs, and by extension the software that runs on them. 64-bit CPUs have been used in supercomputers since the 1970s (Cray-1, 1975) and in reduced instruction set computing (RISC) based workstations and servers since the early 1990s, notably the MIPS R4000, R8000, and R10000, the DEC Alpha, the Sun UltraSPARC, and the IBM RS64 and POWER3 and later POWER microprocessors. In 2003, 64-bit CPUs were introduced to the (formerly 32-bit) mainstream personal computer market in the form of x86-64 processors and the PowerPC G5; and in 2012[1] even into the ARM architecture targeting smartphones and tablet computers, first sold on September 20, 2013, in the iPhone 5S powered by the ARMv8-A Apple A7 system on a chip (SoC).

EDB gradually increases in size

8 to 16 to 32 to 64-bits wide

PC XT

83-key keyboard sold with the original IBM PC. The PC/XT keyboard had many of the same features as a standard typewriter at the time, with various changes such as including the 10 function keys. Below is an illustration of a PC/XT keyboard.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A CPU socket provides the mechanical and electrical connection between the CPU and motherboard, which is printed circuit board, or PCB. You can easily remove a CPU and replace it, Provided that the motherboard and it's CPU socket supports the new CPU. CPU are compatible socket types and bus speeds. If you can't, for example, use at LGA775 processor a new motherboard with an LGA1155 socket.

Bytes

A byte is a term first coined by Werner Buchholz in 1956 and later became more of a standard thanks to Bob Bemer and others. A byte is data equal to either seven or eight bits depending if it needs error correction (parity). You can think of a byte as one letter, for example, the letter 'h' is one byte or eight bits and the word 'hope' as four bytes or 32 bits (4*8). When looking at the size of a file, a byte is the smallest measurement size listed in operating systems. However, because most files are bigger than 1,024 bytes (one kilobyte), most users will see small files listed in kilobytes.

Heat Sink

A device or substance for absorbing excessive or unwanted heat.

Heat Sink

A heat sink is an electronic device that incorporates either a fan or a peltier device to keep a hot component such as a processor cool. There are two heat sink types: active and passive.

What comes after a byte?

A kilobyte and kilobit come after a byte.

How do we tell the computer to move the number from RAM to the Registers?

A load instructions

Multi core Processing

A multicore processor is a single computing component comprised of two or more CPUs that read and execute the actual program instructions. The individual cores can execute multiple instructions in parallel, increasing the performance of software which has been written to take advantage of the unique architecture.

What comes before a byte?

A nibble comes before a byte.

Wait States

A pause in the processor's clock cycles while it waits for data, wait states frequently occur when the computer's processor has a higher clock speed than other components, such as memory. One common wait state is unnoticeable; however, several can affect the overall performance.

Wait states

A pause in the processor's clock cycles while it waits for data, wait states frequently occur when the computer's processor has a higher clock speed than other components, such as memory. One common wait state is unnoticeable; however, several can affect the overall performance.

CPU Piplines

A pipeline flush, is also known as a pipeline break or a pipeline stall. It's a procedure enacted by a CPU when it is unable to ensure that it will correctly process its instruction pipeline in the next clock cycle. How does it work? For any given instruction that the CPU must process, there are multiple stages of processing, called instruction or machine cycles. These stages include fetching the instruction from memory, as well as decoding and executing the commands. CPUs pipeline their instructions, which means multiple instructions can be in different stages of the machine cycle at any given time. A hazard condition may present itself if, for instance, if two pending instructions are data-dependent (they depend upon or modify the same set of data in memory). In such a case, the CPU may need to clear (or "flush") the instruction pipeline to ensure that the calculations are not corrupted by the pipelining process.

Threads

A series of instructions designed to do a particular job with data.

AMD Overdrive

AMD OverDrive is a Windows program with which you can control overclocking settings. Before programs like OverDrive, overclock settings had to be configured before the operating system booted via the computer's BIOS menu or by using adjustable jumpers on the motherboard. Bad overclock settings can cause system instability and prevent the operating system from loading. With a program like OverDrive, there's no need to reboot between each setting adjustment -- but bad settings can cause the system to force a reboot. OverDrive can configure CPU, GPU and RAM overclock settings but will only work with specifically supported AMD-based CPUs and motherboards.

January 1995

AMD chips no longer compatible with socket or motherboard made for Intel CPUs but they both look similar.

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

AMD doesn't just make CPUs.

AMD-V

AMD-V (AMD virtualization) is a set of hardware extensions for the X86 processor architecture. Advanced Micro Dynamics (AMD) designed the extensions to perform repetitive tasks normally performed by software and improve resource use and virtual machine (VM) performance.

Hyper Threading

Abbreviated as HT, Hyper-Threading is a technology developed by Intel and introduced with the Xeon processor and later included with the Intel Pentium 4 processor. HT allows the processor to work more efficiently by processing two sets of instructions at the same time, making it look like two logical processors. Also, software written for dual processor computers or multi processor computers are still compatible with HT.

Hyper-threading

Abbreviated as HT, Hyper-Threading is a technology developed by Intel and introduced with the Xeon processor and later included with the Intel Pentium 4 processor. HT allows the processor to work more efficiently by processing two sets of instructions at the same time, making it look like two logical processors. Also, software written for dual processor computers or multi processor computers are still compatible with HT.

Active heat sinks

Active heat sinks utilize the power supply and are usually a fan type or some other peltier cooling device. If you are looking to purchase an active heat sink, we recommend purchasing fans with ball-bearing motors that often last much longer than sleeve bearings. Sometimes these types of heat sinks are referred to as an HSF, which is short for heat sink and fan.

CMOS

Alternatively referred to as a Real-Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM, CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS is an on-board, battery powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information. This information ranges from the system time and date to system hardware settings for your computer. The picture shows an example of the most common CMOS coin cell battery (Panasonic CR 2032 3V) used to power the CMOS memory. The Motorola 146818 chip was the first RTC and CMOS RAM chip to be used in early IBM computers; capable of storing a total of 64 bytes of data. Since the system clock used 14 bytes of RAM, this left an additional 50 bytes for storing system settings. Today, most computers have moved the settings from CMOS and integrated them into the southbridge or Super I/O chips.

Clock Speed

Alternatively referred to as clock rate and processor speed, clock speed is the speed that the microprocessor executes each instruction or each vibration of the clock. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks, or cycles, to execute each instruction. The faster the clocks rate, the faster the CPU, or the faster it can execute instructions. Clock Speeds are measured in MHz, 1 MHz representing 1 million cycles per second, or in GHz, 1 GHz representing 1 thousand million cycles per second. The higher the CPU speed, the better a computer will perform, in a general sense. Other components like RAM, hard drive, motherboard, and the number of processor cores (e.g., dual core or quad core) can also improve the computer speed. The CPU speed determines how many calculations it can perform in one second of time. The higher the speed, the more calculations it can perform, thus making the computer faster. While there are several brands of computer processors available, including Intel and AMD, they all use the same CPU speed standard, to determine what speed each of their processors run. If a processor has dual or quad cores, the performance of a computer can increase even if the CPU speed remaining the same. A dual-core 3.0 GHz processor would be capable of performing double the number of calculations as a single-core 3.10 GHz processor.

Clock Speed

Alternatively referred to as clock rate and processor speed, clock speed is the speed that the microprocessor executes each instruction or each vibration of the clock. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks, or cycles, to execute each instruction. The faster the clocks rate, the faster the CPU, or the faster it can execute instructions. Clock Speeds are measured in MHz, 1 MHz representing 1 million cycles per second, or in GHz, 1 GHz representing 1 thousand million cycles per second. The higher the CPU speed, the better a computer will perform, in a general sense. Other components like RAM, hard drive, motherboard, and the number of processor cores (e.g., dual core or quad core) can also improve the computer speed. The CPU speed determines how many calculations it can perform in one second of time. The higher the speed, the more calculations it can perform, thus making the computer faster. While there are several brands of computer processors available, including Intel and AMD, they all use the same CPU speed standard, to determine what speed each of their processors run. If a processor has dual or quad cores, the performance of a computer can increase even if the CPU speed remaining the same. A dual-core 3.0 GHz processor would be capable of performing double the number of calculations as a single-core 3.10 GHz processor.

Throttling

Alternatively referred to as frequency scaling, processor throttling allows a computer's CPU to lower its frequency for a time, to prevent overheating or to save power. Preventing a processor from overheating can prevent damage to the processor. Lowering the frequency during idle times (when the computer is not being used) helps conserve power, which is quite useful when dealing with laptops or other portable computers.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory, Random Access Memory (RAM) is a hardware device that allows information to be stored and retrieved on a computer. RAM is usually associated with DRAM, which is a type of memory module. Because information is accessed randomly instead of sequentially like it is on a CD or hard drive, the computer can access the data much faster. However, unlike ROM or the hard drive, RAM is a volatile memory and requires power to keep the data accessible. If the computer is turned off, all data contained in RAM is lost.

Pipelining

Alternatively referred to as pipline, piplining is an advanced microprocessing technique capable of handling multiple stages of different computer instructions at one time. Piplining allows for an increase in performance and the overall throughput of the processor.

Arm Processor (ARM)

Alternatively referred to as read/write head arm, head arm, or actuator arm, the access arm is in every mechanical hard drive; similar in appearance to the arm of a record player. As the platter spins, the access arm adjusts the read/write heads to facilitate the reading, writing, or deletion of information. The image shows the inside of a hard drive.

How does the computer know how to add the numbers?

An add instructions

IF Statement

An if statement is a programming conditional statement that, if proved true, performs a function or displays information. Below is a general example of an if statement, not specific to any particular programming language. Example: If (x-10) { Print "hello John"; } In the example above, if the value of X were equal to any number less than 10, the program would print, or display, "Hello John" on the console when the script is run. See the conditional statement definition for further information and some basic programming examples.

Peltier cooler

Are a form of thermoelectric cooler that cools by applying voltage to cooling device, it can function as a heat pump that can quickly transfer heat.

Registers

Are tiny storage area on the CPU made up of microscopic semiconductor circuits that holds charges.

Visualize the System crystal

As a metronome. (The picture is a metronome)

CPU (Central Processing Unit)???

BIOS options may include Hyper-threading, overclocking or virtualization support.

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

Began to make clones of Intel CPU, creating an interesting and rather cutthroat competition with Intel that last to this day.

CPU & RAM

CPU & RAM need some connections so they can talk to each other. To do so, extend external data bus from the CPU so I can talk to the RAM.

CPU-Z

CPU-Z is a freeware utility from CPUID that detects information about your computer processor, motherboard, memory, and graphics card. As you can see in the picture below, CPU-Z gives you a great overview of all CPU related information and is a great way to quickly and easily determine computer specifications.

SRAM used in this fashion is called

Cache

Central procressing

Central Procession Unit (CPU) is the part of a computer that sequences and executes instructions. Other parts in the traditional computer architecture are the memory and the I/O.

CPU Pipelines stalls is most common from

Decode stage

A client called to complain to his computer starts up, but crashes when Windows starts to load. After a brief set of questions, we find out that his nephew agree to his RAM for him over the weekend and couldn't get the computer at work afterwards. What could be the problem?

Disconnected CPU fan

Intel Socket 2011 CPUs

Do not come with heat sinks or fans

Dust in a Heat Sink

Dust can pack into the dust preventing the heat sink from doing its job.

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

Each decimal digit is represented separately by a 4 bit binary code

To get a command from the data bus, to do the calculation, and then to get the answer back out of the data bus, the CPU takes at least four steps

Each step is called STAGE - Fetch- Get the data from EDB - Decode-Figure out what type of command needs to be executed - Execute- Perform the calculation - Write- send the data back into the EDB

What makes up the speed (GHz) is

External Front Side Bus (FSB)

Bytes

Gets a capital "B"

Bites

Gets a lowercase "b"

Dual Core CPU

Has two execution units, pipelines but the two sets of pipeline share cache and RAM.

Darren has installed a new CPU in a client computer, nothing has happened when they push is the power button on the case. The LED on the motherboard is lit up, so he knows the system has power. What could the problem be?

He forgot to apply thermal paste between the CPU in the heat sink and the fan assembly.

DRAM

He's both constant electrical charge and periodic refresh of the circuits: others, it loses data- that's what makes it dynamic rather than static in content.

Heat Pipes

Heat pipes are extremely effective at moving heat from one area to another, often from CPU or GPU to heat sink.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Located

Hides on the motherboard below a large heat sink and often a fan assembly as well.

Which feature enables a single-core CPU to function like two CPUs?

Hyper- Threading

How would I know if my CMOS battery is failing?

If the CMOS battery is failing the computer cannot keep the correct time or date on the computer after it has been turned off. For example, after turning your computer on you may notice the time as been set to 12:00 PM and the date is set back to January 1, 1990, if the CMOS battery has failed.

Blue Screen of Death

If the CPU overheats you will see the "blue screen of death"

Liquid Cooling

In a computer, water cooling or liquid cooling is a system used to reduce the temperature of its hardware, specifically the CPU and GPU. Liquid is more efficient than gas at conducting thermal energy, so liquid cooled machines maintain desired operating temperatures better than their air cooled counterparts. How it works: The process begins with a pump that sends water into a water block. As the water absorbs thermal energy, it is passed to a heat exchange (usually a radiator) where a fan then blows the heat out of the computer, and the cycle starts again.

Multiplier

In computing a multiplier, CPU multiplier, clock ratio, clock multiplier, CPU Core Ratio is the speed ratio between the CPU and the FSB. For example, a CPU with a multiplier of 20 and an external clock of 133 MHz has a CPU speed of 2.66 GHz. Not all computer motherboards have the option to adjust this through BIOS. However, for those that do you can change the computer multiplier by entering BIOS setup and looking under the CPU or Overclock section of the setup. When changing this setting, it's important that you realize the potential issues that can arise when overclocking a computer as mentioned in our overclock definition. Below is an example of what this may look like in your BIOS or CMOS setup.

Clock Multiplier

In computing, the clock multiplier (or CPU multiplier or bus/core ratio) sets the ratio of an internal CPU clock rate to the externally supplied clock. A CPU with a 10x multiplier will thus see 10 internal cycles (produced by PLL-based frequency multiplier circuitry) for every external clock cycle. For example, a system with an external clock of 133 MHz and a 10x clock multiplier will have an internal CPU clock of 1.33 GHz. The external address and data buses of the CPU (often collectively termed front side bus (FSB) in PC contexts) also use the external clock as a fundamental timing base; however, they could also employ a (small) multiple of this base frequency (typically two or four) to transfer data faster. The internal frequency of microprocessors is usually based on FSB frequency. To calculate internal frequency the CPU multiplies bus frequency by a number called the clock multiplier. For calculation, the CPU uses actual bus frequency, and not effective bus frequency. To determine the actual bus frequency for processors that use dual-data rate (DDR) buses (AMD Athlon and Duron) and quad-data rate buses (all Intel microprocessors starting from Pentium 4) the effective bus speed should be divided by 2 for AMD or 4 for Intel. Clock multipliers on many modern processors are fixed; it is usually not possible to change them. Some versions of processors have clock multipliers unlocked; that is, they can be "overclocked" by increasing the clock multiplier setting in the motherboard's BIOS setup program. Some CPU engineering samples may also have the clock multiplier unlocked. Many Intel qualification samples have maximum clock multiplier locked: these CPUs may be underclocked (run at lower frequency), but they cannot be overclocked by increasing clock multiplier higher than intended by CPU design. While these qualification samples and majority of production microprocessors cannot be overclocked by increasing their clock multiplier, they still can be overclocked by using a different technique: by increasing FSB frequency.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Inserted into a slot or socket in the motherboard.

Intel Core M

Intel Core M is a family of ultra low-voltage microprocessors belonging to the Intel Core series and designed specifically for ultra-thin notebooks, 2-in-1 detachables, and other mobile devices. ... Intel Core M microprocessors are fanless due to their low TDP.

VT-x

Intel VT (Virtualization Technology) is the company's hardware assistance for processors running virtualization platforms. ... The Intel VT-x extensions are probably the best recognized extensions, adding migration, priority and memory handling capabilities to a wide range of Intel processors.

Virtualization

Intel and AMD have built in support for running more than one operating system at a time.

Four common Registers

Intel name - AX (Register) - BX ( Register) - CX (Register) - DX (Register)

Real Vision Imaging (RVI)

Is a complete document imaging and report capture system that provides fast, enterprise-wide access to your important documents

ATA power connector

Is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives.

Memory Controller Chip (MCC)

Is a digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from the computer's main memory. A memory controller can be a separate chip or integrated into another chip, such as being placed on the same die or as an integral part of a microprocessor; in the latter case, it is usually called an integrated memory controller (IMC). A memory controller is sometimes also called a memory chip controller (MCC) or a memory controller unit (MCU). The memory controller is a digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from the computer's main memory. ... A memory controller is sometimes also called a memory chip controller (MCC) or a memory controller unit (MCU).

SIMD (SSE)

Is a multiple-processing system that can perform one operation simultaneously on more than one piece of data. SIMD capabilities were first found in supercomputer systems in the 1970s. Today, SIMD is included with modern CPUs because the ability of processing real-time multimedia functions like changing the volume of audio or adjusting the color and brightness of a video.

CPUID functions

Is a processor supplementary instruction (its name derived from CPU IDentification) for the x86 architecture allowing software to discover details of the processor. It was introduced by Intel in 1993 when it introduced the Pentium and SL-enhanced 486 processors.[1] By using the CPUID opcode, software can determine processor type and the presence of features (like MMX/SSE). The CPUID opcode is 0Fh, A2h (as two bytes, or A20Fh as a single word) and the value in the EAX register, and in some cases the ECX register, specifies what information to return.

Data Execution Prevention (DEP)

Is a security feature that can help prevent damage to your computer from viruses and other security threats. Harmful programs can try to attack Windows by attempting to run (also known as execute) code from system memory locations reserved for Windows and other authorized programs.

Thread

Is a series of instructions designed to do a particular job with the data.

Thermal paste also called thermal compound, heat dope or nasty silver goo

Is a sticky paste placed directly onto the CPU or other IC for a more direct heat transfer between the chip and the heat sink. Thermal compound also prevents air gaps from forming between the CPU and heat sink. This compound is an inexpensive solution and can be found at any place selling computer parts. The picture shows an Arctic Silver thermal compound dispenser and an older CPU with thermal compound.

Simultaneous Multithreading

Is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs with hardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better utilize the resources provided by modern processor architectures.

Zero insertion force socket (ZIF)

Is a type of IC socket or electrical connector that requires very little force for insertion. With a ZIF socket, before the IC is inserted, a lever or slider on the side of the socket is moved, pushing all the sprung contacts apart so that the IC can be inserted with very little force - generally the weight of the IC itself is sufficient and no external downward force is required. The lever is then moved back, allowing the contacts to close and grip the pins of the IC. ZIF sockets are much more expensive than standard IC sockets and also tend to take up a larger board area due to the space taken up by the lever mechanism. Therefore they are only used when there is a good reason to do so.

pin grid array (PGA)

Is a type of integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA, the package is square or rectangular, and the pins are arranged in a regular array on the underside of the package.

NX Bit?

Is also called - Intel: XD bit (eXecute disable) - AMD: Enhanaced virus protection - ARM: XN (eXecute Never) - CompTIA: Disable eXecute bit

Static RAM (SRAM)

Is computer memory that requires a constant power flow to hold information. Power consumption varies widely based on how frequently the memory is accessed. Although quicker than DRAM, SRAM is more expensive and holds less data per unit volume. Therefore, it is more commonly used in cache and video card memory only.

RAM

Is made of groups of semiconductor chip soldered onto small cards that snap into your computer.

Floating Point Unit (FPU)

Is part of a computer specifically designed to perform floating-point mathematical operations. On October 30, 1994, Professor Thomas Nicely sent an e-mail indicating that there was an issue with the Intel Pentium processors and how they perform floating point division. All 120 MHz and higher Intel Pentium processors are not affected by this issue. However, if you would still like to test for this problem, perform the below calculation in a calculator.

Northbridge

Is the CPU helper, the north bridge is located next to the CPU in the motherboard. The Northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, RAM, BIOS ROM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards,

Shunt

Is the conductive sleeve that is placed over the jumper pins to close an electrical circuit. See also jumper for a better understanding of this term.

Accelerated processing unit (AMD)

Is the marketing term for a series of 64-bit microprocessors from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), designed to act as a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics accelerator unit (GPU) on a single die.

Core(s)

Is the processing unit that receives instructions and performs calculations, or actions, based on those instructions. A set of instructions can allow a software program perform a specific function. Processors can have a single core or multiple

Thread(s)

Is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler, which is typically a part of the operating system. The implementation of threads and processes differs between operating systems, but in most cases a thread is a component of a process. Multiple threads can exist within one process, executing concurrently and sharing resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources. In particular, the threads of a process share its executable code and the values of its variables at any given time.

If the System crystal forces the CPU to tun faster than the clock speed

It can overheat and stop working

Cpu

Karen run at any speed as long as this we does not exceed its clock speed.

Fastest Cache

L2 will be bigger and slower than L1 and L3 will be the biggest and slowest cache. ( for the exam remember what's above but L1 &L2 run the same speed now)

Multimedia extensions (MMX)

MMX is a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) instruction set designed by Intel, introduced in 1997 with its P5-based Pentium line of microprocessors, designated as "Pentium with MMX Technology".[1] It developed out of a similar unit introduced on the Intel i860,[2] and earlier the Intel i750 video pixel processor. MMX is a processor supplementary capability that is supported on recent IA-32 processors by Intel and other vendors. MMX has subsequently been extended by several programs by Intel and others: 3DNow!, Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE), and ongoing revisions of Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX).

Most new CPU support 64- bit processing

Meaning they can run a compatible 64-bit operating system, such a window 8.1 and 64 bit applications.

4 Core (s)

Means there is 4 CPU

Which of the following terms are measure of CPU speed?

Megahertz and Gigahertz

Intel

Most of Intel desktop processors are sold under the core, pentium, and celeron brands. Intel inventes the CPU used in the original IBM PC.

Multi-Core CPUs

Multi-core processors have more than one CPU on the same process or die. The differs from a multi-processor system, which has more than one CPU socket on the motherboard. Dual, triple, and quad-core CPU are found in both server and desktop computers. Multi-core processors generate less heat, require less space on the motherboard, and consume less energy than a multi-processor systems. There are also much faster than single core CPUs.

How do you read binary code?

Multiply each binary digit by two to the power of its place number. Remember, binary is read from right to left. The rightmost place number being zero. Add all the results together.

Multi-thread

Multithreading is an ability of a software program or operating system to run several threads of the same program at the same time.

Hertz (Hz)

Named after Heinrich Hertz and abbreviated as Hz or illustrated as the f symbol, hertz equals one (0.00000000125) cycle per second, measuring the waves or frequencies of electric changes each second. Hertz is commonly used to measure a computer monitor's refresh rate and in computer processors. In the picture below of a wave, one oscillation is a representation of a cycle or hertz. You can think of an oscillation as a top and bottom of an oval, if you were to take the bottom half of the wave and put it directly below the top half it would make a complete oval.

Binary System (Bit)

Number system with a base of 2, unlike the number system most of us used that have based of 10 (decimal numbers),12 (measurement in feet and inches), and 60 (time). Binary number I preferred for computers for Percision and economy. An electronic circuit that can detect the difference between two states (on-off, 0-1) is easier and more inexpensive to build the one that could detect the difference among ten states (0-9). Binary's 0 and 1 method is quick to detect an electrical signal's off or on state.

Moore's law

On April 19, 1965 in his paper "Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits," Gordon Moore made an observation that was later coined by the press as Moore's Law. The observation was that ever since the Integrated Circuit has been developed, the number of transistors contained within them has doubled every two years. Dr. Gordon Moore admitted that his law is expected to reach its physical limits in the year 2017.

Overclocking

Overclocking a computer means running its component at a higher speed and voltage then recommended by the manufacturer. Or o'clock and produces high heat level and may void the manufactures warranty. So it is important to be very cautious if you overclock a processor, and to ensure that an appropriate cooling system is installed.

Passive heat sinks

Passive heat sinks are 100% reliable, as they have no mechanical components. Passive heat sinks are made of an aluminum-finned radiator that dissipates heat through convection. For passive heat sinks to work to their full capacity, there should be a steady airflow moving across the fins. The above picture is an example of a heat sink that is both active and passive.

Lines of code

Placing machine language commands

Code Name

Please see image

Model Name (AMD)

Please see image

Model Names (Intel)

Please see image

RAM as a spreadsheet

Please see image.

External Data Bus (EDB)

Primary data highway of all computers. Everything on your computer is tired either directly or indirectly to the external database. An external bus is also known as external bus interface (EBI) and expansion bus.

Cache

Pronounced like the physical form of money, cache is a high-speed access area that can be a reserved section of main memory or on a storage device. The two main types of cache are memory cache and disk cache. Memory cache is a portion of the high-speed static RAM (SRAM) and is effective because most programs access the same data or instructions repeatedly. By keeping as much of this information as possible in SRAM, the computer avoids accessing the slower DRAM, making the computer perform faster and more efficiently. Today, most computers come with L3 cache or L2 cache, while older computers included only L1 cache. Below is an example of the Intel i7 processor and its shared L3 cache.

Quad-Core Architecture

Quad-core processors integrate two dual-core processors within a single processor. You will have 3 L2 Cache.

CPU run faster than

RAM

CPU runs faster than the

RAM can supply it with code.

Real Mode

Real mode is an operating mode that enables the Intel 286 and newer processors to take on the attributes of the lower 8086 or 8088 processors, allowing them to run older software programs. Real mode offers a higher clock speed, but limits the processor to only use 16-bit instructions and a minimum of 1 MB of RAM (20-bit). For example, legacy MS-DOS operating systems run programs in real mode.

Where does the numbers need to be so we can add them to the ALU?

Registers

CMOS Clear jump

Remove the side panel, locate and remove the CMOS battery. Locate the BIOS configuration jumper for your motherboard (often very close to the battery, refer to your manual for additional information) and move the jumper from pins 1 & 2 to pins 2 & 3. After ~5-10 seconds, move the jumper back to the original pins.

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Socket Type

Short for Advanced Micro Devices, AMD is a computer company best known for its computer processors. See our AMD corporate information listing for complete company details. -AMD AM2 -AMD AM2+ -AMD AM3+ -AMD FM1

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Short for Arithmetic Logic Unit, the ALU is a complex digital circuit; one of many components within a computer's central processing unit. It performs both bitwise and mathematical operations on binary numbers and is the last component to perform calculations in the processor. The ALU uses operands and code that tells it which operations to perform for input data. After the information has been processed by the ALU, it is sent to the computer's memory. Multiple Arithmetic Logic Units can be found in CPUs, GPUs and FPUs. In some computer processors, the ALU is divided into an AU and LU. The AU performs the arithmetic operations, and the LU performs the logical operations.

Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

Short for Arithmetic Logic Unit, the ALU is a complex digital circuit; one of many components within a computer's central processing unit. It performs both bitwise and mathematical operations on binary numbers and is the last component to perform calculations in the processor. The ALU uses operands and code that tells it which operations to perform for input data. After the information has been processed by the ALU, it is sent to the computer's memory. Multiple Arithmetic Logic Units can be found in CPUs, GPUs and FPUs. In some computer processors, the ALU is divided into an AU and LU. The AU performs the arithmetic operations, and the LU performs the logical operations.

BIOS

Short for Basic Input/Output System, the BIOS (pronounced bye-oss) is a ROM chip found on motherboards that allows you to access and set up your computer system at the most basic level. In the picture below, is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like on your computer motherboard. In this case, this is a picture of an early AMIBIOS, a type of BIOS manufactured by AMI. The BIOS includes instructions on how to load basic computer hardware and includes a test referred to as a POST (Power On Self Test) that helps verify the computer meets requirements to boot up properly. If the computer does not pass the POST, you will receive a combination of beeps indicating what is malfunctioning within the computer. The four main functions of a PC BIOS 1.POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no errors exist before loading the operating system. Additional information on the POST can be found on our POST and Beep Codes page. 2.Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a capable operating system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it. 3.BIOS drivers - Low-level drivers that give the computer basic operational control over your computer's hardware. 4.BIOS or CMOS Setup - Configuration program that allows you to configure hardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords, time, and date.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Short for Dynamic Random Access Memory, DRAM is one of the most commonly found RAM modules in PC compatible personal computers and workstations. It stores its information in a cell containing a capacitor and transistor; because of this design, these cells must be refreshed with new electricity every few milliseconds for the memory to keep holding its data. DRAM was first invented and patented by Robert Dennard in 1968 and first released commercially by Intel in October 1970. The image below shows a memory module with eight DRAM integrated circuits on its visible side.

Floating Point Unit (FPU)

Short for Floating Point Unit, the FPU is part of a computer specifically designed to perform floating-point mathematical operations. On October 30, 1994, Professor Thomas Nicely sent an e-mail indicating that there was an issue with the Intel Pentium processors and how they perform floating point division. All 120 MHz and higher Intel Pentium processors are not affected by this issue. However, if you would still like to test for this problem, perform the below calculation in a calculator.

Front Side Bus (FSB)

Short for Front Side Bus, FSB is also known as the Processor Bus, Memory Bus, or System Bus and connects the CPU (chipset) with the main memory and L2 cache. The FSB can range from speeds of 66 MHz, 133 MHz, 100 MHz, 266 MHz, 400 MHz, and up. The FSB is now another important consideration when looking at purchasing a computer motherboard or a new computer. The FSB speed can be set either using the system BIOS or with jumpers located on the computer motherboard. While most motherboards allow you to set the FSB to any setting, ensure that the FSB is properly set unless you plan to overclock the computer. Keep in mind that improper settings may cause issues such as hardware lockups, data corruption, or other errors may arise with older hardware (e.g., SCSI cards). Verify your component's compatibility with your motherboard and FSB speed.

Graphics Processing Unit ( GPU)

Short for Graphics Processing Unit, GPU is an electronic circuit used to speed up the creation of both 2D and 3D images. GPUs can either be integrated, meaning they are built into the computer's CPU or motherboard, or they can be dedicated, meaning they are a separate piece of hardware known as a video card. By having a separate processor, the GPU allows the computer's CPU resources to be used for other important tasks. In the picture is an example of a GPU on a video card without the heat sink.

Land Grid Array (LGA)

Short for Land Grid Array, LGA is the interface used to connect Intel Pentium 4 processors and AMD Opteron to the computer motherboard.

Memory Controller Hub (MCH)

Short for Memory Controller Hub, MCH is an implementation of the Accelerated Hub Architecture (ACHA), this is the faster end of the ACHA, often referred to as the Northbridge, a reference to the older three-tier chipset design. The MCH provides the system bus interface, memory controller, AGP interface, and hub interface for I/O.

Static RAM (SRAM)

Short for Static RAM, SRAM is computer memory that requires a constant power flow to hold information. Power consumption varies widely based on how frequently the memory is accessed. Although quicker than DRAM, SRAM is more expensive and holds less data per unit volume. Therefore, it is more commonly used in cache and video card memory only.

Install CPU in a motherboard it will be installed in a ?

Socket

AMD-based socket

Socket A (also known as Socket 462) is the CPU socket used for AMD processors ranging from the Athlon Thunderbird to the Athlon XP/MP 3200+, and AMD budget processors including the Duron and Sempron.

Into which socket could you place an Intel Core i5?

Socket LGA 1155

System crystal

System crystal determine the speed at which a CPU and the rest of the PC operates. System crystal is usually a quartz oscillator, very similar to the one in a wristwatch soldered to the motherboard.

What steps do you need to take to install a core i3 CPU in three FM2 motherboard?

Take all of the steps you want to take because it's not going to work.

What do registers provide for the CPU?

The CPU uses registers for temporary storage of internal commands and data.

If the System crystal sets a beat slower than the CPU clock speed

The CPU will work just fine

What is the function of the address bus in PC?

The address bus enables the CPU to communicate with the memory controller chip.

Clock wire

The bell on a real CPU is a special wire. (Most diagrams label the clock wire CLK). A charge on the CLK wire tells the cpu that another piece of information is waiting to be progressed.

What is considered the Backside Bus

The connection between the CPU and the L2 cache.

What function does the external data bus have in the PC?

The external data bus provides a channel for the flow of data and commands between the CPU and RAM.

In 32 Bit processors

The registers add E for extended so EAX, EBX and so on.

In 64 Bit processors

The registers add R... RAX, RBX and so on.

Southbridge

The southbridge is an IC on the motherboard responsible for the hard drive controller, I/O controller and integrated hardware. Integrated hardware can include the sound card and video card if on the motherboard, USB, PCI, ISA, IDE, BIOS, and Ethernet. The southbridge gets its name for commonly being South of the PCI bus. Below is a graphic illustration of the ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard and some basic explanations of each of the major portions of the motherboard including the southbridge. As shown in the picture below, it is common for the northbridge and southbridge to have a heat sink; in addition, the northbridge is usually slightly larger than the southbridge.

Machine cycle

The steps performed by the computer processor for each machine language instruction received. The machine cycle is a 4 process cycle that includes reading and interpreting the machine language, executing the code and then storing that code. Four steps of Machine cycle 1.Fetch - Retrieve an instruction from the memory. 2.Decode - Translate the retrieved instruction into a series of computer commands. 3.Execute - Execute the computer commands. 4.Store - Send and write the results back in memory.

Heat Sink Compound Paste

Thermal paste is a very high heat conductive paste that is used between two objects (usually a heatsink and a CPU/GPU) to get better heat conduction. It fills in all those microscopic imperfections on the heatsink and CPU/GPU that can trap air in them and cause a loss in the heatsink's performance.

CPUs report to the motherboard

Through function called CPUID (CPU identifier) and the Speed and multiplier are ser automatically.

CPU Piplines contains how many stages

Up to 20 in most cases

CPU Register

Uses - on/1 - off/0

Virtualization support

Virtualization enables you to run a number of virtual computers with different operating systems on a single, physical host computer. Intel began to support virtualization with the Pentium 4 using VT-x. Technology, but not all modern Intel processors support virtualization. Second-generation virtualization is supported by Intel with extended page tables, or EPT, extension. AMD develop support for virtualization called AMD-V with the Athlon 64. As with Intel CPUs, not all modern AMD processors support virtualization. AMD also supports page-table virtualization using rapid virtualization indexing, or RVI, technology.

Which CPU feature enables the microprocessor to support running multiple operating systems at the same time ?

Virtualization support

8088 CPU

Was the first cpu to use four AX-DX general purpose registers and they still exists in even the latest CPUs.

Gigahertz (GHz)

When referring to a computer processor or CPU, GHz is a clock frequency, also known as a clock rate or clock speed, representing a cycle of time. An oscillator circuit supplies a small amount of electricity to a crystal each second that is measured in KHz, MHz, or GHz. "Hz" is an abbreviation of Hertz, and "K" represents Kilo (thousand), "M" represents Mega (million), and "G" represents Giga (thousand million). In general, the higher the GHz number for a processor, the faster the processor can run and process data. The first 1 GHz processors for consumer computers were released in March of 2000 by AMD and Intel. Today, processors are reaching 3.8 GHz or higher speeds with multiple cores.

Megahertz (MHz)

When referring to a computer processor, MHz is short for Megahertz and is one million Hertz. An oscillator circuit supplies a small amount of electricity to a crystal each second that is measured in KHz, MHz, or GHz. "Hz" is an abbreviation of Hertz, and "K" represents Kilo (thousand), "M" represents Mega (million), and "G" represents Giga (thousand million).

Address Bus

When referring to a computer, the bus also known as the address bus, data bus, or local bus is a data connection between two or more devices connected to the computer. For example, a bus enables a computer processor to communicate with the memory or a video card to communicate with the memory. The bus contains multiple wires (signal lines) that contain addressing information that describes the memory location of where the data is being sent or where it is being retrieved. Each wire in the bus carries a single bit of information, which means the more wires a bus has the more information it can address. For example, a computer with a 32-bit address bus can address 4 GB of memory, and a computer with a 36-bit bus can address 64 GB of memory. A bus is capable of being a parallel or serial bus and today all computers utilize two bus types, an internal bus or local bus and an external bus, also called the expansion bus. An internal bus enables communication between internal components such as a video card and memory. An external bus is capable of communicating with external components such as a USB or SCSI device. A computer or device's bus speed is listed in MHz, e.g., 100 MHz FSB. The throughput of a bus is measured in bits per second or megabytes per second.

Don't confuse RAM

With mass storage device such as hard drive or flash drive. Can you use hard drive and flash drive to store programs and data permanently.

Keep the front bus the same, but up the Multiplier.

You are asking it to run more cycle per communication with the front side bus. You will need to provide more voltage. Watch the temperature of the CPU, the temperature should be 50 centigrade. 60-65 centigrade means you are not cooling it well and you should be worry. You also can void the warranty of the CPU. You also need to cool better if you increase the voltage.

Once the Registers is full you can..

You can than move to the RAM - load - move - store

If you want to replace your CPU with a different clock speed

You'd need to replace the crystal too.

Molex power connector

a 4-pin power connector used to provide power to a PaTa hard drive or optical drive.

The Link the Professor asked to go into

http://www.alcpu.com/CoreTemp/

A byte (Binary code)

is (8 bits)

Dual-Core Architecture

that means you have two CPU in one. You will have 2 L2 Cache.

As long as the computer is turned on

the quartz oscillator through the clock chip, fire a charge on the CLK wire, in essence pushing the system along.

x86 bit processor

x86 is an Intel CPU architecture that originated with the 16-bit 8086 processor in 1978. Today, the term "x86" is used generally to refer to any 32-bit processor compatible with the x86 instruction set. In its 40 years of existence, the x86 architecture has added many new features while remaining almost entirely backward-compatible, which is a remarkable achievement. Modern 64-bit processors are generally referred to as x86_64, although they may also be referred to as amd64. The amd64 label is in reference to AMD being at the forefront of 64-bit processing technology in the early 2000s. Regardless of the label, these processors (and the software compiled for them) is based upon, and compatible with, Intel's x86 architecture.

x86-64 bit processor

x86-64 (also known as x64, x86_64, AMD64 and Intel 64[note 1]) is the 64-bit version of the x86 instruction set. It supports vastly larger amounts (theoretically, 264 bytes or 16 exabytes) of virtual memory and physical memory than is possible on its 32-bit predecessors, allowing programs to store larger amounts of data in memory. x86-64 also provides 64-bit general-purpose registers and numerous other enhancements. x86-64 processors can boot in a fully backward compatible legacy mode, without 64-bit support, for 16-bit and 32-bit x86 software that requires real mode, or in a compatibility mode that allows 64-bit applications to coexist with 16- and 32-bit protected mode software if the 64-bit system software supports them.[11][note 2] Because the full x86 16-bit and 32-bit instruction sets remain implemented in hardware without any intervening emulation, these older executables can run with little or no performance penalty,[13] while newer or recoded applications can take advantage of new features of the processor design to achieve performance improvements.