SCI Midterm

Kinetic energy =

(½) x (mass) x (velocity^2)

U.S. Oil Consumption

- 19 million barrels oil/day

4184 joules =

1 Calorie

1 watt=

1 joule/second

One joule per second =

1 watt

a 1000 MW power plant generates

1 x 109 joules/second of power

what are the four major greenhouse gases?

1. water vapor (H2o) 2. carbon dioxide (co2) 3. nitrous oxide (NOx) 4. methane (CH4)

how much power per person per year is needed to sustain the US lifestyle?

10,000 watts

2015 Paris agreement

196 countries adopted by consensus an agreement to keep the world's global temperature rise to <2oC above pre industrial levels This means that there is a limit to the amount of carbon dioxide or equivalents that can be added to the atmosphere The total "carbon budget" is estimated at 2900 GT CO2 eq.

the US i responsible for approx. what percent of world energy consumption

22%

how many seconds in a year:

31,536,000

1 mtoe = _____ BTU

39.7 x 10^12 BTU

if a nuclear power plant operates at a temp of 350 degrees C and releases heat to a cooling tower at 40 degrees C, what is the ideal efficency of this process?

50% 350+273=623 40+273=313 (623-313)/623 = .497 or 50%

renewable energy represents what percentage of US energy consumption

9%

Gravitational acceleration =

9.8 m/s2

World oil supply

91 million barrels/day

the final numbers arent in yet but the total 2013 energy consumption in the US in predicted to be about 97 quadrillion BTU. This is equal to...?

97x10^15

Geologists look for past environment where oil is likely to form and accumulate:

Abundant life Low energy basins Coastal areas Shallow Inland oceans Deep lakes in inland basins

Another major source of pollution is vehicle traffic

As gasoline is burned in combustion engines, pollutants are released through the exhaust.

what greenhouse gas is of greatest concern and why?

CO2 bc more of it is netering the atmosphere at a greater rate than it is leaving and CO2 stays around for a long time

Top 5 countries of imports

Canada Saudi Arabia Mexico Colombia Venezuela

the process by which organisms transform ________ and water into glucose and ______, is known as ....

Co2 O2, photosynthesis

types of coal reserves

Demonstrated = identified coal resources can be mined using current technologies Estimated Recoverable = reserve recoverable after excluding coal unavailable due to land use restrictions, and applying assumed mining recovery rates Recoverable is working inventory at active mines.

what is earth's energy endowment

Earth stores energy: from as heat from accreting particles, as radioactive materials that give off energy as they decay, as incoming solar radiation, and as gravitational interactions between the Earth and the Moon.

Photosynthetic Organisms - examples?

Energy from the sun Photosynthetic organisms include: Bacteria Phytoplankton, Algae Plants

3 Categories of Climate Change Impacts Social and Economic Effects

Erratic Climate and Weather Extremes Altered Ecosystems and Habitats Risks to Human Health and Society

4 examples of potential energy

Gravitational Chemical Nuclear Elastic

4 examples of kinetic energy

Kinetic (macroscopic motion) Thermal (microscopic motion) Electromagnetic (photon motion) Electrical (electron motion)

environmental risks of fossil fuels

Land Degradation Water Pollution and Water Use Air Quality, Aerosols and Particulates Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Toxic Air Pollutants

Lead - most lead from gasoline additives. Phased out in U.S. between 1976 -1996. Leaded gas is still in use in many places around the globe. Mercury - found in coal and oil, mostly released by coal combustion. New EPA regs, if passed, will place stricter limits on mercury emissions VOCs - from petroleum and coal. Contribute to smog and many are highly toxic and carcinogenic by themselves.

Fossil Fuel Formation

Oil and gas from marine organisms - primarily phytoplankton accumulating in deep, anoxic ocean basins Coal from land based plant material buried in swamps

Heat Energy and Temperature

Some heat energy is transformed into work Some heat energy is dissipated The amount of energy transformed into work depends on the temperature difference between the energy source and the external environment

carnot efficiency formula

Substitute temperature in degrees Kelvin (K) for energy term Q For ideal heat engine - % Efficiency = ((1 - Tcold) x 100)/Thot **Note that degrees K = degrees celsius + 273

understand how the Second law of Thermodynamics applies to energy

Thermal energy flows spontaneously from higher temperature object to lower temperature object It will not spontaneously flow the other way In other words, the disorder or entropy of a system always increases

heat engine example: automobile

Uses chemical energy (fossil fuels) to create heat energy which in turn is used to produce work

Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionOTEC

Uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to drive a turbine and generate electricity

energy flows vs fuels

We tap into energy flows, which are relatively constant We use up the fuels, which are stored energy Most energy flows are what we consider renewable resources Most fuels are nonrenewable

indicate which of the following is a unit of work or a unit of power a.horsepower b.joules c.watts d.foot-pounds e.kilowatt hours

a. power b.work c.work d.work e. power

Sunlight drives the air and water masses forming winds and currents and storms.

air and water masses forming winds and currents and storms.

It is the transformation of energy from one form to another that

allows work to get done

calorie

amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1g water to 1 degree celsius

BTU

amount of heat energy to raise 1 pound of water to 1 degree F.

These earliest organisms, that produce their own energy are known as

autotrophs or producers

So2 emissions from coal-fired power plants... a. are one of the primary sources of greenhouse gases b. cause respiratory problems in humans c. contribute to acid rain d. b and c are true

b and c are true

what is oils typical volummetric unit of measurement

barrel

how do greenhouse gases cause global warming?

by making the atmosphere more dense and trapping the heat. they are what make the earth livable for humans by maintaining a temperature of 14 degrees c. but too much is not a good thing.

The higher the temperature and pressure the more

carbon in coal

chemotrophs get energy from

chemical reactions

what is natural gas typical volummetric unit of measurement

cubic foot

nitrogen oxides and organic vapors a.produce photo chemical smog b.are found in automobile exhaust c. cause respiratory d. all of the above

d. all of the above

past episodes of global warming... a.provide us with information on earth's response to warming b.are correlated with variations in the earth;s orbit and amount of sunlight reaching earth c.are seen in evidence from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica d.all of the above

d. all of the above

which of the following is an example of chemical energy? a. natural gas b. oatmeal c.a lithium ion battery d. all of the above

d. all of the above

the law describing the flow of heat between high and low temperatures... a. states that energy can only flow spontaneously from high to low temps b.requires that energy be added to the system to go from low to high temps c. is the second law of thermodynamics d. all of the above

d. all of the above are true

we used coal the most for...?

electric power

solar energy entering the earth's atmosphere is i the form of

electromagnetic energy

power=

energy (or work) / time

1st law of thrmodynamics (law of conservation of energy)

energy is neither created nor destroyed... it is merely transformed from one form to another

Energy efficiency is the amount of

energy that is transformed into the type of energy you need for the work you need done.

joule

force of 1 newton displaced 1 meter in the direction of the force (kg*m)

energy =

forced x distance

81% of energy consumed in U.S. comes from

fossil fuels

what is gasoline typical volummetric unit of measurement

gallon

gravitational interaction with the moon

generates tides, and finally sunlight provides the energy for life.

what is uraniums typical volummetric unit of measurement

gram

a new tidal generator in Maine produces 180 kw of electricity. This is an example of what kind of energy transformation?

gravitational energy to kinetic energy to electrical energy

what are 2 major factors controllng future world energy demand?

growing population and industrialism

rapidly developing countries show a sharp increase in per capita energy consumption. this is due primarily to

growth of industry and development of infrastructure

give an example of a country that is likely to see its energy demand skyrocket over the next 10 years and explain why

india bc of growing populaiton and industrialism

heat energy radiates back into space as

infrared radiation.

Newton (N) =

kg x m/s2 **also equal to 1 joule

Internal heat energy drives

late tectonics and associated volcanic activity and earthquakes

Force =

mass x acceleration

gravitational energy =

mass x gravitational acceleration x height

the higher the temp the simpler the...

molecule

work

moving mass over a distance

Radioactive materials give

off energy in the form of heat and radiation as they decay.

Coal Fired power plants with insufficient environmental controls is

one major source of air pollution.

Power is the

rate of transforming energy or a measure of how fast work is being performed. Power is a rate, thus includes a time component.

this process ....

requires the input of solar energy

difference between energy sources and energy resources

resouces= Solar Wind Biomass Fossil Fuels Hydro sources is where the energy is created vs resources are types of energy we get from those energy sources

Melting Glaciers and Ice Sheets lead to

sea level rise

the four primary energy sources that make up earth's energy budget are:

soar energy, heat of accretion, heat of radioactive decay, gravitational energy

energy flow

term used to describe the conversions of primary energy sources to secondary fuels, and flowing on to end users;accounts for exchanges of money for energy and vice ersa; explains the entire fuel cycles; rooted in systems theory

what is the link between fossil fuels burning and greenhouse gases

the burning of all fossil fuels releases CO2 into the atmosphere. humans are responsible for the largest emissions of greenhouse gases (not natural)

All of these meteorites crashing into Earth make the early Earth a really hot place. This is one of the basic sources of energy -

the heat of accretion

which of the following does not contribute significantly to global warming?

the hole in the ozone layer

most of the solar energy reaching the earth is transformed into

thermal energy

Heat engines use

thermal energy to do work *Any system generating thermal energy cannot return to its original state spontaneously

scientific notation hints- million = billion= trillion= quadrillion=

thousand= 10^3=kilo million = 10^6=mega billion= 10^9=giga trillion=10^12=tera quadrillion= 10^15=peta

fracking is the term used to describe a new technology...

to extract gas and oil from deep continuous shake and sand formations

what is coal typical volummetric unit of measurement

ton

the majority of petroleum in this country is used for?

transportation fuel

Efficiency =

useful energy output/total energy input

. If energy in is less than energy out then the planet gets

warmer

Efficiency of a heat engine is calculated as

work output / thermal energy input