SCI Midterm
Kinetic energy =
(½) x (mass) x (velocity^2)
U.S. Oil Consumption
- 19 million barrels oil/day
4184 joules =
1 Calorie
1 watt=
1 joule/second
One joule per second =
1 watt
a 1000 MW power plant generates
1 x 109 joules/second of power
what are the four major greenhouse gases?
1. water vapor (H2o) 2. carbon dioxide (co2) 3. nitrous oxide (NOx) 4. methane (CH4)
how much power per person per year is needed to sustain the US lifestyle?
10,000 watts
2015 Paris agreement
196 countries adopted by consensus an agreement to keep the world's global temperature rise to <2oC above pre industrial levels This means that there is a limit to the amount of carbon dioxide or equivalents that can be added to the atmosphere The total "carbon budget" is estimated at 2900 GT CO2 eq.
the US i responsible for approx. what percent of world energy consumption
22%
how many seconds in a year:
31,536,000
1 mtoe = _____ BTU
39.7 x 10^12 BTU
if a nuclear power plant operates at a temp of 350 degrees C and releases heat to a cooling tower at 40 degrees C, what is the ideal efficency of this process?
50% 350+273=623 40+273=313 (623-313)/623 = .497 or 50%
renewable energy represents what percentage of US energy consumption
9%
Gravitational acceleration =
9.8 m/s2
World oil supply
91 million barrels/day
the final numbers arent in yet but the total 2013 energy consumption in the US in predicted to be about 97 quadrillion BTU. This is equal to...?
97x10^15
Geologists look for past environment where oil is likely to form and accumulate:
Abundant life Low energy basins Coastal areas Shallow Inland oceans Deep lakes in inland basins
Another major source of pollution is vehicle traffic
As gasoline is burned in combustion engines, pollutants are released through the exhaust.
what greenhouse gas is of greatest concern and why?
CO2 bc more of it is netering the atmosphere at a greater rate than it is leaving and CO2 stays around for a long time
Top 5 countries of imports
Canada Saudi Arabia Mexico Colombia Venezuela
the process by which organisms transform ________ and water into glucose and ______, is known as ....
Co2 O2, photosynthesis
types of coal reserves
Demonstrated = identified coal resources can be mined using current technologies Estimated Recoverable = reserve recoverable after excluding coal unavailable due to land use restrictions, and applying assumed mining recovery rates Recoverable is working inventory at active mines.
what is earth's energy endowment
Earth stores energy: from as heat from accreting particles, as radioactive materials that give off energy as they decay, as incoming solar radiation, and as gravitational interactions between the Earth and the Moon.
Photosynthetic Organisms - examples?
Energy from the sun Photosynthetic organisms include: Bacteria Phytoplankton, Algae Plants
3 Categories of Climate Change Impacts Social and Economic Effects
Erratic Climate and Weather Extremes Altered Ecosystems and Habitats Risks to Human Health and Society
4 examples of potential energy
Gravitational Chemical Nuclear Elastic
4 examples of kinetic energy
Kinetic (macroscopic motion) Thermal (microscopic motion) Electromagnetic (photon motion) Electrical (electron motion)
environmental risks of fossil fuels
Land Degradation Water Pollution and Water Use Air Quality, Aerosols and Particulates Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Toxic Air Pollutants
Lead - most lead from gasoline additives. Phased out in U.S. between 1976 -1996. Leaded gas is still in use in many places around the globe. Mercury - found in coal and oil, mostly released by coal combustion. New EPA regs, if passed, will place stricter limits on mercury emissions VOCs - from petroleum and coal. Contribute to smog and many are highly toxic and carcinogenic by themselves.
Fossil Fuel Formation
Oil and gas from marine organisms - primarily phytoplankton accumulating in deep, anoxic ocean basins Coal from land based plant material buried in swamps
Heat Energy and Temperature
Some heat energy is transformed into work Some heat energy is dissipated The amount of energy transformed into work depends on the temperature difference between the energy source and the external environment
carnot efficiency formula
Substitute temperature in degrees Kelvin (K) for energy term Q For ideal heat engine - % Efficiency = ((1 - Tcold) x 100)/Thot **Note that degrees K = degrees celsius + 273
understand how the Second law of Thermodynamics applies to energy
Thermal energy flows spontaneously from higher temperature object to lower temperature object It will not spontaneously flow the other way In other words, the disorder or entropy of a system always increases
heat engine example: automobile
Uses chemical energy (fossil fuels) to create heat energy which in turn is used to produce work
Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionOTEC
Uses the temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep water to drive a turbine and generate electricity
energy flows vs fuels
We tap into energy flows, which are relatively constant We use up the fuels, which are stored energy Most energy flows are what we consider renewable resources Most fuels are nonrenewable
indicate which of the following is a unit of work or a unit of power a.horsepower b.joules c.watts d.foot-pounds e.kilowatt hours
a. power b.work c.work d.work e. power
Sunlight drives the air and water masses forming winds and currents and storms.
air and water masses forming winds and currents and storms.
It is the transformation of energy from one form to another that
allows work to get done
calorie
amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1g water to 1 degree celsius
BTU
amount of heat energy to raise 1 pound of water to 1 degree F.
These earliest organisms, that produce their own energy are known as
autotrophs or producers
So2 emissions from coal-fired power plants... a. are one of the primary sources of greenhouse gases b. cause respiratory problems in humans c. contribute to acid rain d. b and c are true
b and c are true
what is oils typical volummetric unit of measurement
barrel
how do greenhouse gases cause global warming?
by making the atmosphere more dense and trapping the heat. they are what make the earth livable for humans by maintaining a temperature of 14 degrees c. but too much is not a good thing.
The higher the temperature and pressure the more
carbon in coal
chemotrophs get energy from
chemical reactions
what is natural gas typical volummetric unit of measurement
cubic foot
nitrogen oxides and organic vapors a.produce photo chemical smog b.are found in automobile exhaust c. cause respiratory d. all of the above
d. all of the above
past episodes of global warming... a.provide us with information on earth's response to warming b.are correlated with variations in the earth;s orbit and amount of sunlight reaching earth c.are seen in evidence from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica d.all of the above
d. all of the above
which of the following is an example of chemical energy? a. natural gas b. oatmeal c.a lithium ion battery d. all of the above
d. all of the above
the law describing the flow of heat between high and low temperatures... a. states that energy can only flow spontaneously from high to low temps b.requires that energy be added to the system to go from low to high temps c. is the second law of thermodynamics d. all of the above
d. all of the above are true
we used coal the most for...?
electric power
solar energy entering the earth's atmosphere is i the form of
electromagnetic energy
power=
energy (or work) / time
1st law of thrmodynamics (law of conservation of energy)
energy is neither created nor destroyed... it is merely transformed from one form to another
Energy efficiency is the amount of
energy that is transformed into the type of energy you need for the work you need done.
joule
force of 1 newton displaced 1 meter in the direction of the force (kg*m)
energy =
forced x distance
81% of energy consumed in U.S. comes from
fossil fuels
what is gasoline typical volummetric unit of measurement
gallon
gravitational interaction with the moon
generates tides, and finally sunlight provides the energy for life.
what is uraniums typical volummetric unit of measurement
gram
a new tidal generator in Maine produces 180 kw of electricity. This is an example of what kind of energy transformation?
gravitational energy to kinetic energy to electrical energy
what are 2 major factors controllng future world energy demand?
growing population and industrialism
rapidly developing countries show a sharp increase in per capita energy consumption. this is due primarily to
growth of industry and development of infrastructure
give an example of a country that is likely to see its energy demand skyrocket over the next 10 years and explain why
india bc of growing populaiton and industrialism
heat energy radiates back into space as
infrared radiation.
Newton (N) =
kg x m/s2 **also equal to 1 joule
Internal heat energy drives
late tectonics and associated volcanic activity and earthquakes
Force =
mass x acceleration
gravitational energy =
mass x gravitational acceleration x height
the higher the temp the simpler the...
molecule
work
moving mass over a distance
Radioactive materials give
off energy in the form of heat and radiation as they decay.
Coal Fired power plants with insufficient environmental controls is
one major source of air pollution.
Power is the
rate of transforming energy or a measure of how fast work is being performed. Power is a rate, thus includes a time component.
this process ....
requires the input of solar energy
difference between energy sources and energy resources
resouces= Solar Wind Biomass Fossil Fuels Hydro sources is where the energy is created vs resources are types of energy we get from those energy sources
Melting Glaciers and Ice Sheets lead to
sea level rise
the four primary energy sources that make up earth's energy budget are:
soar energy, heat of accretion, heat of radioactive decay, gravitational energy
energy flow
term used to describe the conversions of primary energy sources to secondary fuels, and flowing on to end users;accounts for exchanges of money for energy and vice ersa; explains the entire fuel cycles; rooted in systems theory
what is the link between fossil fuels burning and greenhouse gases
the burning of all fossil fuels releases CO2 into the atmosphere. humans are responsible for the largest emissions of greenhouse gases (not natural)
All of these meteorites crashing into Earth make the early Earth a really hot place. This is one of the basic sources of energy -
the heat of accretion
which of the following does not contribute significantly to global warming?
the hole in the ozone layer
most of the solar energy reaching the earth is transformed into
thermal energy
Heat engines use
thermal energy to do work *Any system generating thermal energy cannot return to its original state spontaneously
scientific notation hints- million = billion= trillion= quadrillion=
thousand= 10^3=kilo million = 10^6=mega billion= 10^9=giga trillion=10^12=tera quadrillion= 10^15=peta
fracking is the term used to describe a new technology...
to extract gas and oil from deep continuous shake and sand formations
what is coal typical volummetric unit of measurement
ton
the majority of petroleum in this country is used for?
transportation fuel
Efficiency =
useful energy output/total energy input
. If energy in is less than energy out then the planet gets
warmer
Efficiency of a heat engine is calculated as
work output / thermal energy input