Chapter 4 Psych EC
Which of the following challenges are faced in the study of psychopathology?
-Difficulty accurately measuring abnormal behaviors and feelings -Difficulty obtaining the participation of populations of interest -Difficulty understanding the multiple causes of abnormality
Which of the following are steps in the scientific method?
-Document the results in a research report. -Formulate a hypothesis. -Select and define the problem.
In which of the following ways can an observer's assessments be problematic?
-They can be biased by stereotypes involving gender. -They can be biased due to a lack of information. -They can be biased by stereotypes involving culture.
Ethical problems arise in which types of control groups in therapy outcome research?
-wait list -placebo -simple
The single-case experimental design in which an intervention is introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated and the behavior of the participant is examined both on and off the treatment is ______.
ABAB design -also known as reversal
Which of the following are types of genetic studies?
Adoption studies Linkage analysis Twin studies Molecular Genetic Studies
Which of the following are problems in using animals in research?
Can we generalize results from animal research to human research? It may be no more ethical to conduct painful, dangerous, or fatal experiments with animals than it is to do so with humans. Is learned helplessness in animals really the same as human depression?
In which of the following ways can an adoption study be carried out?
Determine the rates of the disorder in the biological relatives of the adoptees who have the disorder of interest. Determine the rates of the disorder in the adoptive relatives of the adoptees who have the disorder of interest. Identify a person who has a disorder of interest.
Which of the following are reasons why researchers use animals instead of humans?
Exposing animals to conditions that would not be ethical to impose on humans Better control over third variables Better control over laboratory conditions
True or false: In order for a result to be statistically significant it also needs to be clinically significant.
False
What type of study creates situations that capture key key characteristics of real world events?
Human laboratory study
In which of the following ways do researchers determine the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of a disorder?
Identify the population of interest Identify a random sample of the population of interest Use structured clinical interviews that ask specific questions of participants
Colleges and universities must have human participants committees that evaluate the ethicality of the research. Which of the following are some of the common names applied to such committees?
Institutional review board Ethics committee Human subjects committee
Which of the following are advantages of doing a case study?
May be the only way to study rare problems Captures the uniqueness of the individual Invaluable in generating new ideas
______ studies are used to investigate the connection between genes and behavioral disorders.
Molecular genetic
Between whom do we expect to see the highest concordance rates in genetic testing?
Monozygotic (identical) twins
Children or adults with mental impairments participating in a research study must be able to understand the risks of a study. If they do not, which of the following must make the judgment about their participation in the study?
Parents Guardians Responsible adults
Which of the following demonstrate advantages of longitudinal studies over cross-sectional studies?
Researchers can determine whether there are differences between the groups before the crucial event occurs. Researchers can follow groups long enough to assess both short-term and long-term reactions to the event.
Which of the following describes the threshold approach to research in abnormal psychology?
Studies focus on people with disorders of various severities or on comparisons of people with diagnosed disorders and people without disorders.
Which of the following describes the continuum approach to research in abnormal psychology?
Studies focus on people with symptoms that range in severity from the everyday to the highly impairing and likely to meet criteria for a disorder.
In a human laboratory study, researchers have more control over which of the following?
The third variable The independent variable The dependent variable
Which of the following are problems with a meta-analysis?
There is the file drawer effect. Flawed studies are often included along with stronger studies, influencing the overall results. Studies that do not support the hypothesis are less likely to get published.
Which of the following are limitations of epidemiological studies?
They cannot establish that any risk factor causes a disorder. They are limited by the third variable problem.
Which of the following are limitations of human laboratory studies?
They pose problems in generalizability. They lack high external validity. They can sometimes pose ethical issues.
Which of the following are steps in a meta-analysis?
Transform the results of each study into a common statistic. Calculate the effect size in each study. Conduct a thorough literature search.
Which of the following is an example of theories or concepts that were developed in studies of one culture being applied to another culture?
Variable of expressed emotion
What question would you ask to generate a hypothesis?
What kind of evidence would support my idea?
The major advantage of a single-case experimental design is that it _____.
allows much more intensive assessment of participants than might be possible if there were more participants
A benefit of animal research is that _____.
animal research may very well be crucial to the advancement of our knowledge of how to help people overcome psychopathology
Information gathered from epidemiological studies _____.
can be used to test hypotheses about why people are at higher risk can give us important clues as to who is at highest risk for a disorder
The probability that both twins will have a disorder if one twin has it is called the _____.
concordance rate
The primary advantage of a human laboratory study is _____.
control
________ studies look at the relationship between two variables without manipulating either of them.
correlational
Both larger _________________________ and larger sample sizes increase the likelihood of correlations achieving statistical significance.
correlations
Marietta was in a study in which she was told that the researchers were interested in her ability to identify different types of music. What the researchers were really interested in was how the different types of music affected concentration. What the researchers told Marietta was a(n) _____.
cover story
Researchers who are investigating the similarities and differences across culture in the nature, causes, and treatment of psychopathology are engaging in _____________-cultural research.
cross
In a _______ study, participants are studied at only one point in time.
cross-sectional
Cross-cultural researchers should be cautious of which types of differences in people's responses to the social demands of interacting with researchers?
cultural gender
Researchers should use ________ in studies only when such techniques are absolutely essential and justified by the study's potential contributions.
deception
Mathieu participated in a study in which he received a vitamin supplement and then had to lift increasingly heavier weights. He correctly guessed that the vitamin supplement was to help enable him to lift greater weights, so he tried harder to do so. This situation demonstrated the presence of _____.
demand characteristics
________ occur when situations arise that cause participants to guess the purpose of the study and change their behavior as a result.
demand characteristics
A(n) __________ variable is the factor we are trying to predict in a research study.
dependent
You sign up to work on an experiment to get some experience, and the study you're working on looks at the effect of caffeine on memory. Your job is to give participants a mixture of orange juice and caffeine that has been premixed by another researcher. You don't know how many milligrams of caffeine have been added to the orange juice. When you ask the lead researcher about this, she says that she does not want you to inadvertently influence the participant's performance. This is an example of a _______ experiment.
double blind
The statistic that is calculated in a meta-analysis transforms the results into a common factor. This statistic is called the _____.
effect size -how big differences are btwn two groups
Therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in real-world settings is said to test the ______ of a therapy.
effectiveness
Therapy outcome research that tests how well a therapy works in highly controlled settings with a narrowly defined group of people is said to test the ______ of a therapy.
efficacy
__________ is the study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population.
epidemiology
Samantha is a member of Michael's Archangels, a motorcycle group that supports many charitable efforts. Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between people's membership in the group and their scores on a measure of altruistic behavior. This study would be a(n)
example of group comparison -compares experiences of one group with those of another
_______ validity is the extent to which a study's results can be generalized to real-life phenomena.
external
Human laboratory studies have low _____.
external validity
To avoid the presence of demand characteristics, researchers often use __________ measures to obscure the real purpose of the study.
filler
________ is the ability to apply what we have learned in a case study to other individuals or groups.
generalizability
In a ________, researchers are interested in the relationship between people's membership in a particular group and their scores on some other variable.
group comparison study
A testable statement of what we predict will happen in a study is known as a(n) _____.
hypothesis
The number of new cases that develop during a specified period of time is called _____.
incidence
When researchers want to ensure that their study demonstrates that changes in the dependent variable can confidently be attributed to manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors, then the study has high _____.
internal validity
An advantage of a meta-analysis is that _____.
it can pool the data of many studies with small samples to provide more power
Which type of study attempts to locate links between genes to assess risk for mental illness?
linkage analysis
The ______ of a correlation is the degree to which the variables move in tandem with each other.
magnitude
The __________ approach has helped researchers overcome many of the challenges of researching psychopathology by using different methods to study the same issues.
multimethod
Dr. Yankowski wanted to assess whether his patient's depression could be alleviated by the use of meditation in different settings. Which research design would best attempt to answer this question?
multiple baseline design
In a ______, an intervention might be given to the same individual but in different settings or to different individuals at different points in time.
multiple baseline design
In research, results often support the _______ instead of the researcher's primary testable prediction.
null hypothesis
____ is the way we measure or manipulate the variable in a study.
operationalization
The ____________________ of a disorder is the proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or period in time.
prevalence
A major disadvantage of single-case experimental design is that _____.
their results may not be generalizable to the wider population
Experimental studies designed to test whether a specific therapy reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called _____.
therapy outcome studies
A problem with family history studies is that _____.
they cannot tease apart genetic and environmental contributions several members of a family might share a disorder because they have a common environment
Cross-cultural researchers should be cautious of the difficulty of ____________ their questionnaires and other assessment tools into different languages.
translating
True or false: A single-case design experiment exposes the individual to some manipulation or intervention.
true
Denada was in a study that looked at the effect of a drug on weight loss. Denada did not receive the active weight loss ingredient but was placed on a list to receive it after the study was completed. Denada was in a(n) _____ control group.
wait list
Some researchers believe it is unethical to ____ treatment or to provide a treatment believed to be ineffective for people in distress during therapy outcome research.
withhold