Chapter 4 Section 4; Chapter 7

Daoism

Philosophy based on the ideas of Laozi, a Chinese philosopher; he believed that all people should be guided by a universal force called the Dao, or the way. Like Confucianism, its followers valued peace.

Confucianism

Philosophy, ethical system based on accepted principals of right and wrong. Became foundation for Chinese government and social order and was influential in east Asia.

Filial piety

Respect shown by children to their parents and elders; Confucius believed that this was one of the morals that all people should live by to help bring peace and honor in one's family.

Bodhisattvas

Someone who has reached enlightenment or nirvana and works to help others do so as well.

Brahma

The god in which the Hindus believe in and he's considered to be the creator of the world.

Shiva

The god in which the Hindus believed in and he's considered to be the destroyer of the world.

Vishnu

The god in which the Hindus believed in and he's considered to be the preserver of the world.

Hindu beliefs in the caste system*

They live with it because they believe that each rank has its own dharma, so if they don't do their job for their rank, no one will and it is their duty to fulfill it; they believe that their actions in one life effect their quality of the next life so they think they deserve their rank.

Unification of the Han Empire*

When She Huangdi died, his son was a weak and ineffective leader so the Qin Dynasty fell. Liu Bang became the first emperor of the Han Dynasty. He established a central gov and moved away from legalism. He lowered taxes, and softened harsh punishments: this brought peace and stability to the empire, which many people appreciated.

Hinduism

emerged in India beliefs included -brahman (unchanging all powerful spiritual force fundamental reality) was the goal of life -moksha (union with brahman) -karma (all actions that affect person's fate) -reincarnation -ahimsa (non violence) -respect for all life -3 main gods Shiva (destroyer/transformer) vishnu (preserver) and brahma (creator)

Buddhism

was a peaceful religion beliefs: -enlightenment through meditation nirvana (union with the universe as ultimate goal) -moral life -ahimsa (nonviolence) -dharma (religious moral duties) and karma -rejection of priests and ritual -rejection of caste system -not polytheistic or monotheistic

Hindu Gods- MC

-Brahma: the creator -Vishnu: the preserver -Shiva: the destroyer

Hinduism and Buddhism Differences*

-Buddhism rejects caste system; hinduism doesn't -Hinduism believes in gods (polytheistic); Buddhism doesn't believe in gods, heaven, or hell and believes that it just distracts us -Different philosophies: Buddhism believes in the eightfold path; Hinduism believes in yoga, meditation, and good actions -Buddhism is more stoic -Hinduism follows gurus and teachers; Buddhism doesn't believe that that is needed

Hinduism and Buddhism Similarities*

-both believed in karma -both believed in nirvana -both believed in the cycle of life (birth, death, rebirth; reincarnation) -has the same roots since Buddhism came from Hinduism

Theravada

A sect of Buddhism focusing on the strict spiritual discipline originally advocated by the Buddha.

Mahayana

A sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship.

Bureaucracy

A trained civil service, or those who run the government. It was important to have a bureaucracy because it kept the empire organized and may lead to better ruling.

Kalidasa

A writer who may have been the court poet for Chandra Gupta II. HIs most famous play was Shakuntala in which a beautiful girl falls in love with a middle aged king. He lived during a time in India when literature, art, science, and mathematics flourished.

Yin and yang

Ancient Chinese thought that the yin and yang where the two powers that together represented the natural rhythms of life. Yin represents cold, dark, soft, and mysterious whereas yang represented warm, light, hard, and clear, creating a balance. The yin yang, along with the I Ching, helped the Chinese understand how they fit in life.

Jainism

Belief that everyone has a soul and that nothing should be harmed.

I Ching

Book of oracles which was referred to whenever ethical or practical problems needed to be solved. People would throw a set of coins, interpret the results and see how they compared to what the book stated. This helped the Chinese be happy and confident in their decisions.

Arthasastra Teachings- MC

Book on political assassination and harsh punishment; believed that tough minded policies were needed to hold the empire together

Nomadic Xiongnu-MC

Came from Mongolia which was located north of China, these nomads would invade and destroy Chinese villages along the northern border; one of the reasons the Great Wall was built.

Laozi

Chinese philosopher that taught people that they should be guided by the universal force the Dao, started Daoism. Wrote book called Dao De Jing (the way of the virtue) showing the Dao (the way) guides everything. Government was secondary and to be removed from society by nature.

Legalism

Chinese political philosophy that was based on the idea that having a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social order. Unlike Confucianism and Daoism, the followers of Legalism valued strict and harshness from the government.

How did Confucian ideas promote social harmony in China?*

Confucianism believed that social order, harmony, and good government should be based on family relationships which meant respect for parents and elders (filial piety) was important in order to have a well ordered society. Confucianism also believed that education was important to the welfare of the individual and to society.

Major Differences Between Legalism and Daoism*

Daoism was more harmonious whereas Legalism was very strict and harsh -Daoism believed that natural order was more important that social order; Legalism believed that a highly efficient and powerful gov is the key to social order -Daoism believed that a universal force guides all things; Legalism believes punishments are useful to maintain social order -Daoism believed that people should live simply and harmoniously with nature; Legalism believed that thinkers and their ideas should be strictly controlled by the gov

Zhou Dynasty

Dynasty that overthrew Shang. Believed in the mandate of heaven and the dynastic cycle. Controlled through feudalism. The warring states period led to the decline.

Asoka's Edicts- MC

Edicts are rules; believed in obedience, righteousness, tolerance, and preserving all life.

Qin Dynasty

Emerged from the western state of Qin and eventually replacing the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty employed Legalist ideas to unify the country.

Golden age of the Guptas*

Enhanced trade, most of India was united, strong and organized central government, scientific discoveries and advancements (the earth was round, calculated how low it takes earth to orbit the sun, many surgeries such as plastic surgeries), mathematic advancements and discoveries (decimal system, calculated pi)

Buddha

God in which Buddhists believed in.

Confucian Teachings- MC

Good society and gov comes from respect for elders and parents (filial piety)

Autocracy

Government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner.

Wudi- MC

Han Emperor that won great conquests.

How did She Huangdi Unify China?*

He began by stopping battles that weakened China; weakened invaders and stopped resistance against him within China (commanded all noble families to live in the capitol under his supervision to ensure loyalty to him (many families lost land in the process of moving to the capitol which weakened them)). He unified China under his rule by making everyone follow his laws and trying to put an end to Confucian teachings that opposed his own beliefs, so he burned the books.

How did Chandragupta Maurya maintain order in India?*

He expanded the empire, rule was effective but harsh, created a well organized bureaucracy, and established a court system; was known as the "great king of kings"

Confucius

He was an Influential scholar that lived while Zhou Dynasty was in decline. He studied, taught history and music, and had a moral character.

Shi Huangdi

In 221 BC, the ruler of the Qin Dynasty took the name Shi Hunangdi which meant "first emperor." He wanted to keep order in the empire and give all the power to himself by crushing any resistance that arose against him throughout the empire. He created a policy called "strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches" where he demanded that all of the noble families lived in the capital under his supervision and seized the land of the nobles that lived far away. Shi Hunangdi also ordered hundreds of Confucian scholars to be killed and their books to be burned.

Han Dynasty Technology- MC

Invention of the wheelbarrow, crossbow, water pump

Mahayana vs Theravada Beliefs- MC

Mahayana was a sect of Buddhism that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship whereas Theravada was a sect of Buddhism focusing on the strict spiritual discipline originally advocated by the Buddha.