Chapter 4 Study Questions
ATP
A cell makes energy by removing a phosphate (P) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Glycocalyx
Composed of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that surrounds cell. It is either firmly attached to cell (capsule) or loosely attached (slime layer).
How osmosis works
Depending on the water content of a cell compared to it's environment, a cell can gain water, lose water, or stay the same.
Cell wall
Give cell shape, located outside the plasma membrane. Protects cell from environment.
Isotonic
Iso means "equal" If a cell is in an isotonic solution, the concentration of the solute and solvent are the same inside and outside the cell.
Gram negative bacteria
Lost crystal violet color after decolorizer by alcohol and become colorless. A dye called safranin is added, which turns the bacteria pink when viewed under microscope.
Flagella
Made of protein. Used for motility. Propell microorganism away from harm and towards food.
Active transport
Movement of a substance across the cytoplasmic membrane against the gradient using energy provided by the cell (ATP)
Fimbriae
Proteinaceous, sticky, bristle-like projections used to attach to each other and to objects around them.
Gram positive bacteria
Retain crystal violet color after decolorizer by alcohol. These bacteria appear purple when viewed under microscope.
Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane
The cytoplasmic membrane is semi-permeable and regulates the flow of molecules (nutrients and gases) into and waste out of the cell through passive transport, active transport, and group translocation.
What are NAG and NAM?
The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAM).
Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
The primary distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a "true" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate, and as a consequence, a shorter generation time than eukaryotes.
Cytoplasmic membrane
The prokaryote cell has a cytoplasmic membrane that forms the outer structure of the cell underneath the cell wall and separates the cell's internal structure from the environment. Provides a selective barrier between the environment and allows certain substances and chemicals to move into and out of the cell.
Pili
Tubules used to transfer DNA from one cell to another. Made up of protein and shorter in length than flagella.
A cell shaped like a boomerang is a
Vibrio
Hypertonic solution
When the cell is placed in a solution where the solution has a high concentration of solute (outside the cell), the water inside the cell moves out causing the cell to shink.
Hypiotonic solution
When the cell is placed in a solution where the solution has a lower concentration of solute (outside the cell), the water outside the cell will rush into the cell causing the cell to swell and unltimately burt (lysis).
The cytoplasmic membrane is composed ot
a bilayer of phospholipids.
Peptidoglycan is made up of
a combination of peptide fragments and carbohydrates- NAG and NAM
The cell walls of gram negative bacteria consist of
a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane.
Lysis
bursting of a cell
Composed of peptidoglycan in many bacteria
cell wall
ATP stores energy in
chemical bonds and is released by a chemical reaction within the cell
Passive transport moves substances by
concentration gradient
Bristle-like projections used by bacterial cells to attach themselves to objects.
fimbriae
Used to propel the organism
flagella
Sticky envelope made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides that surround the cell is called
glycocalyx
Increase in the size and/or number of cells is called
growth
Conditions of osmosis
isotonic, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution
The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism is called
metabolism
Motion of organelles of the entire organism is called
movement
The cell wall of many bacteria contain
peptidoglycan
The cell walls of gram positive bacteria consist of
peptidoglycan and teichoic acid
Tubules that are used to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another
pili
Phospholipids have a
polar "head" and non-polar "tail". The polar heads are hydrophilic and tails are hydrophobic.
Group translocation only occurs in
prokaryote cells
To increase the number of cells and/or create a new individual is called
reproduction
The ability to react to internal and external stimuli is called
responsiveness
Types of passive transport
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Group translocation is a process
that immediately modifies and substance once it passes through the cytoplasmic membrane. The cell must expend energy through group translocation, which is supplied by high-energy phosphate compounds such as phosphoenolpyruvid acid (PEP).
Hydrophobic
water fearing
Hydrophillic
water loving